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Project Summary

Difficulty	5  –  7
Time required	Average (about one week) to Long (a couple of weeks)
Prerequisites	None; Project times longer depending on how many gliders you build, and how many times you iterate your design.
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Low ($20 - $50)
Safety	No issues

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Sponsor

Sponsored by a generous grant from Northrop Grumman Foundation

Weightless Flights of Discovery Program for Teachers

www.northropgrumman.com/ community/weightless.html

Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to measure the change in flight characteristics of gliders resulting from changes in glider design.

Introduction

When you think "paper airplanes," your first thought is probably of the garden-variety glider quickly folded from a sheet of paper. This project will introduce you to an entirely different construction technique for building paper gliders. Instead of using a single sheet of ordinary paper, the parts for these gliders are built up (laminated) in several layers, cut from thicker, stiffer paper stock. With this method, you can make paper gliders that are much more like the real thing than a simple folded paper airplane. The laminated construction technique is not difficult to learn, and the materials are inexpensive. There are even commercial kits available to help you get started but, with a little experience, you'll be ready and able to try your own designs.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• fuselage,
• airfoil,
• camber,
• dihedral,
• aileron,
• vertical stabilizer,
• horizontal stabilizer,
• elevator,
• rudder,
• center of lift,
• center of gravity.

• What are the three forces acting on a glider in flight?
• What relationship between these forces holds for stable flight?

Bibliography

• You'll definitely want to check out the Gliders section (among others) of NASA's Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics. This site is packed with useful information on the science of flight:
  http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/guided.htm.
• This is a really good book, with pictures of many different airplane designs and information about how well they flew in the contest. The book also has chapters on paper glider design and construction, and tips for adjusting ("trimming") gliders for best flying:
  Editors of Science 86, 1985. THE Paper Airplane Book: The Official Book of the Second Great International Paper Airplane Contest. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
• The Whitewings website has tips on laminated paper glider construction, adjustment and flying (click on the link for "Assembly/Tuning/Piloting" and step through the list of topics):
  AG Industries, 2004. "Assembly/Tuning/Piloting Whitewings," AG Industries. http://www.whitewings.com/what/index.html.
• This website has a plan for a simple glider built with laminated construction methods. You can print the plan on cardstock or smooth Bristol board and then build the plane: Ivey, M., 2004. "High Performance Paper Airplanes," Zovirl Industries, Mark Ivey's Weblog [accessed November 14, 2006] http://zovirl.com/2004/01/15/high-performance-paper-airplanes-g-1/.

Materials and Equipment

• The materials for this project are simple: paper and glue. However, the paper needs to be chosen carefully. Ordinary copier or notebook paper is not stiff enough. The paper used for the Whitewings kits is Japanese Kent paper, which you may be able to find at your local stationery store. Alternatively, ask for sheets of cardstock. Smooth bristol board, available at art stores, is a little heavier, but still useable. As for glue, ordinary white glue, Itoya O-Glue or PentelRoll are all fine choices.
• The easiest way to learn the construction methods for laminated gliders is to buy and build one of the available "Whitewings" kits. Kits are available for single or multiple gliders. They are available in many hobby shops, and also online http://www.whitewings.com/.
• Remember that each model will need to be properly adjusted ("trimmed") in order to achieve its best possible flying. See the Bibliography for more information.
• For timing your flights, you'll need a stopwatch, or a watch with a second hand.
• For measuring the distance of your flights, you can use yard markers on a football field, or you can use a tape measure to set up your own set of distance markers in the open area where you are flying your gliders.

Experimental Procedure

There are many possible experiments you can try with paper gliders (for some specific examples, see the Variations section, below). Here are some suggested measurements for quantifying your experiments:

• flight distance,
• time aloft,
• flight maneuvers (i.e., descriptions of the flight: did the glider stall, dive, flip over, turn right, turn left, etc.).

With regard to experimental methods, here are some things to keep in mind:

• There will be variations in performance from flight to flight for the same glider, so you should make sure to perform repeated trials for each condition. We suggest at least five trials for each condition (more trials won't hurt).
• To minimize variability, make all of your test flights under the same conditions.
• Change only one variable at a time when testing. If you are interested in more than one variable, that's great! (You'll just have to make more planes.)

Variations

Here is a sample of project ideas for experimenting with paper gliders. As your knowledge and experience grow, you will be able to add to this list on your own. The variations are arranged in order of increasing difficulty.

• How Do Stabilizers Affect Glider Flight? As you are building the glider, leave off either the vertical or horizontal stabilizer (or build multiple gliders, with and without these parts). Test-fly the glider(s) with and without each type of stabilizer. What effect does each type of stabilizer have on flight?
• What is the Optimal Size for a Stabilizer? Use the same basic design for a series of four or more planes, but vary the size of one of the stabilizers (vertical or horizontal) from smaller to larger than normal. Measure the flight performance of each glider. Think about how might you control for the difference in weight distribution.
• Design for distance. Do your background research and develop a hypothesis about what type of glider will fly the furthest. Build a series of 4 (or more) gliders with one variable element changing systematically through the series to test your hypothesis.
• Design for Time Aloft. Do your background research and develop a hypothesis about what type of glider will fly the longest. Build a series of 4 (or more) gliders with one variable element changing systematically through the series to test your hypothesis.
• Investigating More Than One Design Element. Your hypothesis may involve more than one design element. For example, you may be interested in investigating both dihedral angle and camber. In order to compare planes with only one variable changing, you would need to build two (or more) planes for each dihedral angle you want to test, each with varying wing camber. Then you can make pair-comparisons where only dihedral angle was changed, or pair-wise comparisons where only wing camber was changed.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

• Editors of Science 86, 1985. THE Paper Airplane Book: The Official Book of the Second Great International Paper Airplane Contest. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
• AG Industries, 2003. "Whitewings Science of Flight Lesson Plan," AG Industries. [accessed January 24, 2006] http://www.whitewings.com/edu/WWLessonPDF.pdf.

Last edit date: 2006-01-27 00:29:42

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics.

	Aerospace Engineer Humans have always longed to fly and to make other things fly, both through the air and into outer space—aerospace engineers are the people that make those dreams come true. They design, build, and test vehicles like airplanes, helicopters, balloons, rockets, missiles, satellites, and spacecraft.			Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technician Aerospace engineering and operations technicians are essential to the development of new aircraft and space vehicles. They build, test, and maintain parts for air and spacecraft, and assemble, test, and maintain the vehicles as well. They are key members of a flight readiness team, preparing space vehicles for launch in clean rooms, and on the launch pad. They also help troubleshoot launch or flight failures by testing suspect parts.
	Pilot Pilots fly airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft to accomplish a variety of tasks. While the primary job of most pilots is to fly people and cargo from place to place, 20 percent of all pilots have more specialized jobs, like dropping fire retardant, seeds, or pesticides from the air, or helping law enforcement rescue and transport accident victims, and capture criminals. Pilots enjoy working and helping people in the “third dimension."			Aviation Inspector Aviation inspectors are critical to ensuring that aircraft are safe to fly. They conduct pre-flight inspections to make sure an aircraft is safe. They also inspect the work of aircraft mechanics, and keep detailed records of work done to maintain or repair an aircraft. As problems are identified, they may make changes to maintenance schedules, and may be called upon to investigate air accidents.
	Marine Architect Water covers more than 70 percent of Earth's surface, and marine architects design vessels that allow humans and their cargo to cross through or under those waters safely and efficiently. Some of their watercraft designs are enormous, like merchant ships, which carry huge loads of oil, cars, food, clothing, toys, and other goods, across thousands of miles of open waters. These ships are essential for trade between countries. Other vessels are smaller and more specialized, like luxury yachts or cruise liners. Still others are designed for military purposes.

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