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Project Summary

Difficulty	2
Time required	Very Short (a day or less)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Very Low (under $20)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

In this project you will measure the fermentation activity of yeast in different conditions.

Introduction

Yeasts are micro-organisms that are more closely related to a mushroom (they are a single-celled fungi) than to bacteria. Fungi are not green, do not have chlorophyll, and cannot undergo photosynthesis to make their own food. Instead, yeast must get their food from their surrounding environment. Yeasts use sugars (simple carbohydrates) and starches (complex carbohydrates) as food sources.

Yeasts break down these sugar molecules to make energy and release carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) as a result. The carbon dioxide gas is what makes a slice of bread so soft and spongy. The pockets of gas are produced by yeast when the dough is allowed to rise before baking. This is the process of fermentation. Fermentation is also used to make beer, wine, and champagne.

In this experiment you will grow yeast in different conditions to see which conditions will cause the yeast to be most active during fermentation. You will use balloons to trap the CO₂ gasses released by the yeast during fermentation. Then you will submerge the balloons under water and use water displacement to measure the amount of gas in each balloon. Which conditions will cause the formation of the most CO₂ gas and the most active fermentation?

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this type of experiment you should know what the following terms mean. Have an adult help you search the internet, or take you to your local library to find out more!

• yeast
• micro-organism
• fermentation
• carbon dioxide gas (CO₂)
• water displacement

• Are yeasts alive?
• How can the activity of yeast be measured?
• How much gas can yeasts produce?
• What are the best conditions for yeast to ferment?

Bibliography

• This project is based on a classic science demonstration, nicely described by the Exploratorium, a hands-on science museum in San Francisco:
  Exploratorium Staff, 2006. "The Science of Bread: Yeast Air Balloons Activity," The Exploratorium, San Francisco, CA. [accessed July 3, 2006]
  http://exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/activity-yeast.html
• Here is an interesting twist on the project using different juices as a sugar source, submitted by Cara from Maryland to Zoom Science at PBS Kids:
  Zoom, 2005. "Yeast: Part II," Zoom Science, PBS Kids. [accessed July 3, 2006]
  http://pbskids.org/zoom/activities/sci/yeastpartii.html#results
• Wikipedia contributors, "Yeast," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [accessed July 3, 2006]
  http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeast&oldid=65628541

Materials and Equipment

• 5 packets of dry yeast
• 5 recycled plastic liter bottles
• white table sugar
• salt
• baking soda
• vinegar
• water
• small balloons
• string or clips for tying off balloons
• large, clear, metric liquid measuring cup
• permanent marker

Experimental Procedure

1. First, prepare and label the water bottles for your experiment. Rinse each bottle thoroughly with water and remove any labels. Label each bottle with the permanent marker, using this data table as a guide (all bottles will have yeast):

   Bottle	Condition	Balloon Color	Observations	Water Before (mL)	Water After (mL)	Water Displaced (mL)
   #1	no sugar
   #2	sugar
   #3	sugar + salt
   #4	sugar + baking soda
   #5	sugar + vinegar

2. Add 1 tbsp of sugar to bottles 2–4. Do not add sugar to bottle #1 because it is the negative control. Yeast needs sugar for the process of fermentation, so bottle #1 should stay inactive. Bottle #2 will only have sugar and will be a positive control.
3. Add 1 tbsp of salt to bottle #3. This will increase the salinity, or amount of salt, in the environment. How do you think increasing the salinity will affect fermentation?
4. Add 1 tbsp of baking soda to bottle #4. This will lower the pH of the environment, making the environment more basic. How do you think a basic environment will affect fermentation?
5. Add 1 tbsp of vinegar to bottle #5. This will increase the pH of the environment, making the environment more acidic. How do you think an acidic environment will affect fermentation?
6. Fill each bottle with 300 mL (about 1/3 full) of warm water, replace the lid, and shake thoroughly to dissolve all of the ingredients. Then add a packet of dry yeast to each bottle.
7. Replace the lid and shake gently to mix in the yeast.
8. Remove the lid and stretch a balloon over the opening of each bottle. Choose a different color balloon for each condition and write the color in your data table.
9. Leave the bottles to rest in a warm location for 1 hour.
10. After 1 hour, look at the balloons. Are they the same or different? Write your observations in the data table.
11. Tie a length of string tightly around the base of each balloon to seal the balloon so that any gas inside cannot escape. When the balloon is tightly sealed, remove it from the bottle top, being VERY CAREFUL not to loosen the string or allow any air to escape from the balloon.
12. Now you are ready to measure the amount of gas inside each balloon with a water displacement test. Fill the large measuring cup with enough water to fully submerge the balloon. To be sure that the container is large enough for the balloons, and that you do not fill it with too much water, do a trial run with a balloon you blow up yourself. Practice dunking the balloon without spilling any water out of the measuring tank and without dunking your hand in, too. Then, when you feel ready, dunk each experimental balloon into the water, each time writing the water level before and after into the data table.
13. Subtract the water level before from the water level after to get the volume of gas produced by the yeast.
14. Graph your results for each environmental condition. Under which conditions did the yeast produce the most CO₂ gas? What does that say about the amount of fermentation and activity of the yeast?

Variations

• Another environmental condition that can affect the activity of yeast and the process of fermentation is temperature. Prepare several bottles using the ideal conditions you describe above. Now place each bottle in a different place with a different temperature. After one hour, measure the amount of gas produced and compare.
• In this experiment, you added the same amount of sugar to each bottle because it is what the yeast uses to make CO₂ gas during fermentation. If you add more sugar, will you always get more CO₂ gas? How much more sugar can you add? Is there a limit?
• More advanced students may want to try these Science Buddies projects using yeast:
  • Rise to the Occasion: Investigating Requirements for Yeast Fermentation
  • Yeast Reproduction in Sugar Substitutes
  • An Aerobic Exercise: Yeast Metabolism with and without Aeration

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Microbiology Project Ideas.

Credits

Sara Agee, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Last edit date: 2006-08-04 20:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Microbiology.

	Epidemiologist Do you like a good mystery? Well, an epidemiologist’s job is all about solving mysteries—medical mysteries—but instead of figuring out “who done it” like a police detective would, they figure out “what caused it.” They find relationships between a medical condition and things like human behavior, environmental toxins, genes, medical treatments, other diseases, and geographical location. For example, they ask questions like what causes multiple sclerosis? How can we prevent brain cancer? What is the “vector” or animal that is transmitting the hantavirus? Which populations are most at risk from a new flu virus? Epidemiologists work to answer these and thousands of other questions in an effort to reduce public health risks. Their work has the potential to save millions of lives.			Agricultural Inspector Who works to protect the public health from food-borne illnesses? Agricultural inspectors. Everyone needs to eat, and agricultural inspectors work to ensure the quality and safety of the food supply to determine if they are in compliance. They also inspect farms, businesses, and food-processing plants to determine if they are in compliance with government food regulations and laws.
	Water & Liquid Waste Treatment Plant & System Operator Have you ever wondered what happens to that soapy water from your kitchen sink or laundry room washer, or the waste water from your bathroom? What about the water that factories discharge after making products? Or the water that runs off of roads and farmlands after a big storm? Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators run the amazing water treatment plants that remove pollutants and other harmful materials from waste water, so that it can be safely returned to the environment. These operators provide essential services that everyone in the community depends on every day to keep our water supply safe and clean.			Microbiologist Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, algae, and fungi) are the most common life-forms on Earth. They help us digest nutrients; make foods like yogurt, bread, and olives; and create antibiotics. Some microbes also cause diseases. Microbiologists study the growth, structure, development, and general characteristics of microorganisms to promote health, industry, and a basic understanding of cellular functions.

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