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• Science Fair Project Guide

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• Making It Shipshape: Hull Design and Hydrodynamics
• How Much Weight Can Your Boat Float?

Project Summary

Difficulty	3
Time required	Short (several days)
Prerequisites	For this science project, you will need access to a shallow beach or pool where the boats can be safely tested.
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Low ($20 - $50)
Safety	Adult supervision is required when the boats are tested in the water. Wear life jackets if you plan to get into the water. Don't go too far away from shore.

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Weightless Flights of Discovery Program for Teachers

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Abstract

Objective

The objective of this science fair project is to build and test designs of model boats made out of milk cartons.

Introduction

Boats have a variety of purposes: freighters carry cargo, yachts compete in races, trawlers haul nets through the water to catch fish, just to name a few. These different boat designs depend on their functions—some are built for stability, others for speed. A key feature of a boat's design is the shape of the hull, which is the body of the boat (see Figure 1 below). Flat-bottom boats are simple to build and have a shallow draft (the part of the boat that's under the water). They are not very stable if the weight they are carrying is not carefully balanced. V-bottom boats are able to cut through the water, which results in a smoother ride in rough water. Round-bottom boats move through the water easily, but they also tend to roll over. Catamarans have two separate hulls, which can provide greater stability than mono-hull boats (boats with one hull).

Figure 1. Boat hulls come in a variety of shapes.

Click here to check out the video "Milk Carton Boat Race, by Ciara, Brittney, and Maria" and see how different milk carton boat designs performed in a boat race. This video was produced by DragonflyTV and presented by pbskidsgo.org.

This science fair project was inspired by the DragonflyTV episode entitled "Milk Carton Boat Race, by Ciara, Brittney, and Maria". In the video, Ciara, Brittney, and Maria prepare for an unusual hometown boat race—all of the boats are made entirely out of milk cartons! For the boat race, the boat must be able to carry all three of the girls, plus a lifeguard. So stability will be an important factor. And since the boat will be competing in a race with other boats, speed and maneuverability are also important. Check out the video to see what they discovered and how their boat performed in the race!

In order to determine which boat designs were fast, stable, and maneuverable, they built model boats and tested them in the water at the local beach. They tested three designs: a catamaran with two hulls, a raft with a flat bottom, and a boat with a V-shaped hull. After testing the models, they actually built a boat out of 150 milk cartons.

For this science fair project, you will design and build model boats out of milk cartons and test the different hull designs in a shallow pool or beach. When you are designing the boats, consider which hull designs you think will be best for each test. For example, which type of hull will be the most stable? Which will be the most buoyant?

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

• Hull design
• Buoyancy

Questions

• Which hull design glides the farthest?
• Which hull design is able to support the most weight?
• Which hull design is the most maneuverable?

Bibliography

• This science fair project was based on this DragonflyTV Podcast:
  TPT. (2006). Milk Carton Boat Race, by Ciara, Brittney and Maria. DragonflyTV, Twin Cities Public Television. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/show/milkcartonboat.html
• Nave, C.R. (2008). Buoyancy. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from the HyperPhysics, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University website: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/pbuoy.html
• NOVA Online. (2000). Buoyancy Basics. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lasalle/buoybasics.html

Materials and Equipment

• Paper milk cartons (the number of cartons will depend on your designs, 1/2-pint cartons will work best)
• Packing tape to tape the cartons together; another option is to glue the cartons together with a hot glue gun
• An adult helper and 2-3 additional helpers
• Lab notebook
• String (1 6-foot length for each boat and several 2- to 3-foot pieces to anchor the bobbers)
• Measuring tape
• Water bottles filled with water (as many as you'd like and different sizes to test how much weight the boats will hold)
• Bobbers; you can find bobbers at large retail stores or any sporting goods store
• Weights, such as fishing weights or screws

Experimental Procedure

To start this experiment, you first need to decide which types of boat hulls you are going to test. Try the ones that are featured in the video, or create your own designs.

1. Collect enough milk cartons to build at least three boat designs.
2. Assemble the boats using milk cartons and packing tape. Tape the cartons closed so that they won't fill with water. Be sure to attach a string to each boat so you can pull it through the test courses set up in the water.
3. Once the boats are assembled, take them to a shallow pool or beach for testing. Bring along an adult who can supervise, and a few helpers to help you test and record data.
4. First you will test how each boat glides. You will need some helpers to measure the length of the glide and to record your results in a data table in your lab notebook, like the one below.
5. Test how far each boat glides when given a gentle push. To ensure accuracy, make sure you are the one giving the gentle push each time so it is more likely to be the same amount of force. Repeat the test at least two more times, trying to keep each push the same. Have a helper note where the boat stops gliding and measure the length of the glide with the measuring tape.
6. Test the stability of each boat by determining how much weight it can carry. One way is to load the boats with water bottles filled with water. Record how much weight each boat was able to carry. Repeat the test at least two more times and record your results.
7. Test the maneuverability of each boat. Set up a course for the boats using the bobbers attached to weighted strings, then pull the boats through the course. Try separating the bobbers by 3 feet at first, then experiment with different lengths of separation. Record how often a boat misses a turn or hits a bobber. Also repeat this test at least two more times, making sure you record your results.
8. Look over your results to determine which boat's hull design performed the best in each of your tests.

   A sample data table for one trial is shown below. Repeat the tests at least three times with each boat design, and be sure to include units in your results. Which design worked the best for each trial? Which was the best overall?

   Hull Design	Glide Length	Weight Limit	Obstacles Hit	Other
   Flat
   Vee
   Catamaran
   Other

Variations

• Try adjusting the hull designs to see how various changes affect their performance. For example, change the angle of the V-shaped hull.
• The goal of testing the boat designs in the video was to see which design would work best as a full-sized boat. If you have lots of milk cartons, and are not afraid of getting wet, build a full-size boat that you can sit on without sinking. How many milk cartons will you need to stay afloat?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Project Ideas.

Credits

David Whyte, PhD, Science Buddies

The idea for this project came from this DragonflyTV podcast:
TPT. (2006). Milk Carton Boat Race, by Ciara, Brittney, and Maria. DragonflyTV, Twin Cities Public Television. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/show/milkcartonboat.html

Last edit date: 2008-06-18 22:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics.

	Aerospace Engineer Humans have always longed to fly and to make other things fly, both through the air and into outer space—aerospace engineers are the people that make those dreams come true. They design, build, and test vehicles like airplanes, helicopters, balloons, rockets, missiles, satellites, and spacecraft.			Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technician Aerospace engineering and operations technicians are essential to the development of new aircraft and space vehicles. They build, test, and maintain parts for air and spacecraft, and assemble, test, and maintain the vehicles as well. They are key members of a flight readiness team, preparing space vehicles for launch in clean rooms, and on the launch pad. They also help troubleshoot launch or flight failures by testing suspect parts.
	Pilot Pilots fly airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft to accomplish a variety of tasks. While the primary job of most pilots is to fly people and cargo from place to place, 20 percent of all pilots have more specialized jobs, like dropping fire retardant, seeds, or pesticides from the air, or helping law enforcement rescue and transport accident victims, and capture criminals. Pilots enjoy working and helping people in the “third dimension."			Aviation Inspector Aviation inspectors are critical to ensuring that aircraft are safe to fly. They conduct pre-flight inspections to make sure an aircraft is safe. They also inspect the work of aircraft mechanics, and keep detailed records of work done to maintain or repair an aircraft. As problems are identified, they may make changes to maintenance schedules, and may be called upon to investigate air accidents.
	Marine Architect Water covers more than 70 percent of Earth's surface, and marine architects design vessels that allow humans and their cargo to cross through or under those waters safely and efficiently. Some of their watercraft designs are enormous, like merchant ships, which carry huge loads of oil, cars, food, clothing, toys, and other goods, across thousands of miles of open waters. These ships are essential for trade between countries. Other vessels are smaller and more specialized, like luxury yachts or cruise liners. Still others are designed for military purposes.

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