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Project Summary

Difficulty	6  –  7
Time required	Short (several days)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Low ($20 - $50)
Safety	Adult supervision is recommended while pouring the boiling water.

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Sponsored by a generous grant from Seagate

Abstract

Objective

To determine the mixing method in a rectangular tank that achieves a final temperature the most rapidly.

Introduction

Energy is the ability to cause change or do work. Every living thing in the world has energy, and almost all energy on Earth comes from the Sun. Some forms of energy, like light, come directly from the Sun, while other forms of energy, like the foods we eat, come indirectly from the Sun. Food contains the energy that living things use to power their bodies.

Energy can move around or be transferred from one thing to another as thermal energy. The thermal energy of something is the total energy of all its moving atoms, or particles that make it up. A cup of hot chocolate, for example, has more thermal energy than the same-sized cup of cold chocolate milk. The movement of thermal energy from one place to another is called heat. Heat always moves from a hotter object to a colder one because of the second law of thermodynamics. If, for example, you pour some hot chocolate into a room-temperature cup, and then touch the outside of the cup, you will notice that the cup itself feels warm. There has been a heat transfer from the hot chocolate to the cup.

Heat transfer can occur in three different ways: conduction, convection, or radiation. Which method of heat transfer occurs depends upon the physical state of the matter and which type of heat transfer is most efficient for that state. For example, in solids, heat transfer occurs by conduction, the direct transfer of energy from one particle to another. In liquids and gases, convection—the movement of warmer matter—is often the most efficient way to transfer heat. During convection, warmer liquid or gas rises above cooler liquid or gas, and heat is transferred to the cooler liquid or gas during the movement. As the warmer matter rises, cooler matter rushes in to take its place. This sets up a circulation pattern. You've seen this if you've ever watched a boiling pot of water. The bubbles that rise are the hottest part of the water, and as they come up, the cooler water near the top of the pan falls to the bottom to takes its place. This is because the hotter liquid is less dense than the cooler liquid, so the cooler liquid sinks.

Natural convection is when heat transfer is allowed to occur naturally over time, driven only by temperature differences in a liquid or gas that cause density variations. These variations make warmer parts rise and cooler parts fall, creating currents and circulation. If, for example, you fill a bathtub with cold water, and then add a gallon of hot water on one end of the tub, the temperature of the bath water will be hot where you poured the water in, and cold at the other end of the tub. Over time though, due to natural convection, the temperature of the entire tub of water will even out to the same (warmer) temperature, so that one end of the tub will have the same temperature as the other end, and as the middle.

Forced convection is when a liquid or a gas is mixed by an outside force. When adults make a bath for a child, they often stir the water as the tub is filling up to avoid hot spots. Or, when you heat a cup of soup in a microwave, you often must give the soup a quick stir partway through the warming, so that it doesn't have cold and hot spots when you sit down to eat it. This stirring of the liquid by an outside force, like a hand or a spoon, forces the heat transfer to occur more rapidly than it would if it were allowed to progress naturally.

Can convection be described with math equations? Yes, but convection is a complex process and it is difficult to put those equations on a computer and simulate how the temperature of a liquid or gas will change over time as convection occurs. For instance, if a factory is making hundreds of cookies with a liquid batter in a large tank, it is difficult to predict the best way to mix up that tank so that all the liquid in the tank reaches the same temperature as quickly as possible when a hot or cold ingredient is added. So instead of using computer simulations, engineers must often conduct experiments under different conditions to get empirical data (data obtained by direct observation), so that they can figure out the best way to mix up the tank. That's exactly what you'll do, too, in this engineering science fair project—you'll create a mini tank of your own and see how the temperature of cold water inside the tank changes when hot water is added under different mixing conditions.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

• Energy
• Work
• Thermal energy
• Atom
• Heat
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Heat transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Physical state
• Matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Circulation
• Density
• Natural convection
• Forced convection
• Simulate
• Predict
• Empirical
• Overshoot
• Viscous

Questions

• From where does most of the energy on Earth ultimately come?
• What method of heat transfer does not use direct contact?
• What is the difference between natural and forced convection?
• How do process engineers often figure out the best way to mix up tanks of liquids or gases?

Bibliography

This source shows how heat travels by conduction, convection, and radiation:

• Dauo, D., Hermans-Killam, L. How Does Heat Travel? Retrieved January 12, 2009, from http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/transfer.html

This source discusses heat transfer:

• Wikipedia Contributors. (2009, January 16). Heat transfer. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=264483518

• Hand, J. (n.d.). Convection, Conduction, and Radiation. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/staff/hand/convcondrad.htm

This source discusses what heat is and how it is transferred:

• CMG, Incorporated. Heat Energy. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://www.powermasters.com/heat_energy.html

Materials and Equipment

• Loaf pan, 1.5-quart (qt.)
• Liquid measuring, 1-qt.
• Dry measuring cup, 1-cup
• Popsicle® stick
• Cold tap water
• Boiling water
• Potholder
• Stopwatch
• Kitchen thermometer, an instant-read type will work, but a digital thermometer is easier to use.
• Lab notebook
• Helpers (2, in addition to you)
• Graph paper

Experimental Procedure

Note: Before beginning this experiment, decide which of the following duties each person will have.

• One person needs to hold the thermometer and call out temperatures.
• One person needs to move the Popsicle stick.
• One person needs to pour the boiling water, run and read the stopwatch, and write down temperatures. Help from an adult to pour the boiling water is recommended.

Making Your Data Tables

This experiment requires that you rapidly record temperature measurements, so it is helpful if you create your data tables before beginning your experiment. Create three data tables for each of the four mixing methods:

1. No mixing (natural convection),
2. End-width mixing (forced convection),
3. Middle-width mixing (forced convection),
4. Middle-length mixing (forced convection).

The first column of each data table should be time in seconds, and the second column of each data table should be temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Make the start time equal to 0 seconds (sec), the time interval 15 sec, and the end time 120 sec (2 min).

Example Data Table: No mixing method (natural convection)

Preparing the Mixing Tank

1. Fill the liquid measuring cup with 4 cups of the coldest tap water available.
2. Pour the water into the loaf pan.
3. Insert the thermometer vertically into the water so that the tip is resting on the bottom of the pan, in the middle of one of the ends (not in a corner).

Testing the Different Methods

1. Have your helpers get into position and make sure they are ready to test:
   1. One person should be on one end of the loaf pan, holding the thermometer in position and ready to call out temperatures.
   2. The second person should have a Popsicle stick in hand, ready to mix, if the method calls for it.
   3. The third person should reset the stopwatch and have a data table, a pen, and a 1-cup liquid measuring cup ready to go.
2. Have the first person call out the initial (starting temperature), and have the third person record this temperature in the correct data table.
3. Boil 1 cup of tap water in a liquid measuring cup in the microwave.
4. Have the third person bring the measuring cup as close to the loaf pan as possible and carefully and all at once pour the boiling water into the end of the loaf pan opposite the end with the thermometer. The third person should then immediately start the stopwatch, and the second person should do the following immediately (also shown in Figure 1):
   1. No mixing method: The second person should do nothing.
   2. End-width mixing method: The second person should insert the Popsicle stick into the water at the end of the loaf pan opposite the thermometer and move it gently, but steadily, back and forth across the width of the loaf pan. The flat edge of the Popsicle stick should be parallel to the length of the loaf pan.
   3. Middle-width mixing method: The second person should insert the Popsicle stick into the water in the middle of the loaf pan and move it gently, but steadily, back and forth across the width of the loaf pan. The flat edge of the Popsicle stick should be parallel to the length of the loaf pan.
   4. Middle-length mixing method: The second person should insert the Popsicle stick into the water in the middle of the loaf pan and move it gently, but steadily, back and forth across approximately half the length of the loaf pan. The flat edge of the Popsicle stick should be parallel to the end of the loaf pan.

Figure 1. This drawing shows the setup of the experiment and the three forced convection mixing methods.

5. Every 15 seconds, as the second person conducts the mixing task, the third person should say, "Now," and the first person should read the thermometer and call out the current temperature, while the third person records the value. This should continue until 120 seconds have passed.
6. Remove the thermometer and dump out the water from the loaf pan.
7. Repeat "Preparing the Mixing Tank" and steps 1–6 of this section until all mixing methods have been tested three times each. Record all data in your data tables in your lab notebook.

Analyzing the Data Tables

1. Plot the time on the x-axis (in seconds) and the temperature on the y-axis (in °F) for all data tables. Which convection method was the slowest at reaching the final temperature? Which convection method was the fastest? Did all forced convection trials do better than the natural convection trials? Did the natural convection trials overshoot the final temperature? Did any of the forced convection trials display overshoot? Which method would you recommend for mixing your mini tank?

Variations

• Add a food dye, or boiled beet or blueberry juice, to the boiling water before adding it to the loaf pan. Include observations of the dye's behavior to help you explain the temperature changes during the trials.
• Select one forced convection method to investigate. How does the time to reach the final temperature change when different volumes of hot mixing liquid are added to the same volume of cold tank liquid. Plot the time to reach the final temperature on the y-axis and the ratio of the cold to hot water on the x-axis.
• Try this science fair project with one or more viscous liquids, such as tomato soup, rather than water. How does viscosity impact unforced and forced convection?
• Investigate different shapes of mixing tanks.
• Investigate different types of mixing tools, such as propellers.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Mechanical Engineering Project Ideas.

Credits

Kristin Strong, Science Buddies

• Popsicle® is a registered trademark of Good Humor-Breyers Ice Cream, which is a subsidiary of Unilever Supply Chain, Inc.

Last edit date: 2009-03-20 10:40:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Mechanical Engineering.

	Mechanical Engineer Mechanical engineers are part of your everyday life, designing the spoon you used to eat your breakfast, your breakfast's packaging, the flip-top cap on your toothpaste tube, the zipper on your jacket, the car, bike, or bus you took to school, the chair you sat in, the door handle you grasped and the hinges it opened on, and the ballpoint pen you used to take your test. Virtually every object that you see around you has passed through the hands of a mechanical engineer. Consequently, their skills are in demand to design millions of different products in almost every type of industry.			Mechanical Engineering Technician You use mechanical devices every day—to zip and snap your clothing, open doors, refrigerate and cook your food, get clean water, heat your home, play music, surf the Internet, travel around, and even to brush your teeth. Virtually every object that you see around has been mechanically engineered or designed at some point, requiring the skills of mechanical engineering technicians to create drawings of the product, or to build and test models of the product to find the best design.
	Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairer One of the basic truths in the universe is that objects tend to go from a state of higher organization to a state of lower organization over time. In other words, things break down, and when those things are precision instruments or equipment, they require the services of very specialized technicians to restore them to their working order. Precision instrument or equipment technicians often combine a love of music, medicine, electronics, or antiques with delicate mechanical repair work.

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