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Acids, Bases, & the pH Scale
What does it mean for a solution to be acidic or basic (alkaline)?
It all has to do with hydrogen ions (abbreviated with the chemical symbol H+). In water (H2O), a small number of the molecules dissociate (split up). Some of the water molecules lose a hydrogen and become hydroxyl ions (OH−). The "lost" hydrogen ions join up with water molecules to form hydronium ions (H3O+). For simplicity, hydronium ions are referred to as hydrogen ions H+. In pure water, there are an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. The solution is neither acidic or basic.
An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions. Because of this, when an acid is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions is shifted. Now there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions in the solution. This kind of solution is acidic.
A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions shifts the opposite way. Because the base "soaks up" hydrogen ions, the result is a solution with more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions. This kind of solution is alkaline.
Acidity and alkalinity are measured with a logarithmic scale called pH. Here's why: a strongly acidic solution can have one hundred million million (100,000,000,000,000) times more hydrogen ions than a strongly basic solution! The flip side, of course, is that a strongly basic solution can have 100,000,000,000,000 times more hydroxide ions than a strongly acidic solution. Moreover, the hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations in everyday solutions can vary over that entire range.
In order to deal with these large numbers more easily, scientists use a logarithmic scale, the pH scale. Each one-unit change in the pH scale corresponds to a ten-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. It's a lot easier to use a logarithmic scale instead of always having to write down all those zeros! By the way, notice how one hundred million million is a one with fourteen zeros after it? It's not coincidence, it's logarithms!
To be more precise, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration:
The square brackets around the H+ automatically mean "concentration" to a chemist. What the equation means is just what we said before: for each 1-unit change in pH, the hydrogen ion concentration changes ten-fold. Pure water has a neutral pH of 7. pH values lower than 7 are acidic, and pH values higher than 7 are alkaline (basic). The table below has examples of substances with different pH values (Decelles, 2002; Environment Canada, 2002; EPA, date unknown).
| pH Value | H+ Concentration Relative to Pure Water |
Example |
| 0 | 10 000 000 | battery acid |
| 1 | 1 000 000 | sulfuric acid |
| 2 | 100 000 | lemon juice, vinegar |
| 3 | 10 000 | orange juice, soda |
| 4 | 1 000 | tomato juice, acid rain |
| 5 | 100 | black coffee, bananas |
| 6 | 10 | urine, milk |
| 7 | 1 | pure water |
| 8 | 0.1 | sea water, eggs |
| 9 | 0.01 | baking soda |
| 10 | 0.001 | Great Salt Lake, milk of magnesia |
| 11 | 0.000 1 | ammonia solution |
| 12 | 0.000 01 | soapy water |
| 13 | 0.000 001 | bleach, oven cleaner |
| 14 | 0.000 000 1 | liquid drain cleaner |
Bibliography
- Environment Canada, 2002. "Kids' Corner pH Scale," The Green Lane: Acid Rain, Environment Canada website [accessed July 24, 2006] http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain/kids.html.
- Decelles, P., 2002. "The pH Scale," Virtually Biology Course, Basic Chemistry Concepts, Johnson County Community College [accessed July 24, 2006] http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/chemistry/phscale.html.
