Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to measure the effect of reactant particle size on the rate of a chemical reaction.

Introduction

You may have seen a television commercial for Alka-Seltzer tablets, or heard one of their advertising slogans: "Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is!®" When you drop the tablets in water, they make a lot of bubbles, like an extra-fizzy soda. And like a soda, the bubbles are carbon dioxide gas (CO₂). However, with Alka-Seltzer®, the CO₂ is produced by a chemical reaction that occurs when the tablets dissolve in water.

The main ingredients of Alka-Seltzer tablets are aspirin, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). When sodium bicarbonate dissolves in water, it dissociates (splits apart) into sodium (Na⁺) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) ions. The bicarbonate reacts with hydrogen ions (H⁺) from the citric acid to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is described by the following chemical equation:

So how does particle size come into this? In order for the reaction shown above to take place, the ingredients in the tablet first have to dissolve. The table has a large surface area, so this step should be pretty fast, right? What effect do you think particle size will have on the speed of the bicarbonate reaction? You can find out for yourself by plopping prepared Alka-Seltzer® tablets (whole tablets, halved tablets, quartered tablets, and powdered tablets) into water at the same temperature, and timing how long it takes for the chemical reaction to go to completion.

Terms, Concepts, and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• Molecules
• Temperature
• Reactants
• Products
• Reaction rate

Questions

• Do you think changing the particle size will have a measurable effect on the chemical reaction rate?
• Will smaller particles speed up or slow down the reaction?

Bibliography

• Bayer HealthCare, 2005. "Temperature and Rate of Reaction," Bayer HealthCare, LLC [accessed May 8, 2007] http://www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_experiment1.htm.
• Swanson, G.C., date unknown. "Chemistry Experiments for the Home: Bubble Rate," Science Department, Daytona Beach Community College [accessed May 8, 2007] http://faculty.dbcc.edu/swansoj/Bubble_Rate.htm.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• At least 12 Alka-Seltzer® tablets (if you plan to do additional variations to the project, you'll want to get a larger box)
• Sheet of blank paper
• Hammer
• Piece of scrap wood
• Thermometer (good range would be -10°C to 110°C
  • E.g. catalog # WW6332000 from Science Kit & Boreal Lab or catalog #15V1460 from Wards Natural Science)
  • Standard kitchen candy thermometer will also work fine
• Clear 12 ounce (355 mL) drinking glass (or larger)
  • Note: Use Pyrex glass when working with water heated on the stove or in the microwave)
• Measuring cup
• Masking tape
• Something to stir with (a teaspoon or a chopstick, for example)
• Tap water
• Stop watch (you can also use a clock or watch with a second hand)
• A helper
• Lab notebook
• Pencil

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research and make sure that you are familiar with the terms, concepts, and questions, above.
2. In this experiment, you will be measuring the time it takes for one Alka-Seltzer® tablet to react completely in water. You will investigate how the reaction time changes as you vary the particle size of the reactants.
3. You'll use the same glass for repeated trials, so it is convenient to mark the desired water level.
   1. Use the measuring cup to add 8 ounces (236 mL) of water to the glass. (If you're using metric volume units, rounding up to 250 mL is fine.)
   2. Use a piece of masking tape on the outside of the glass to mark the water level. Place the tape with its top edge even with the water level in the glass.
   3. Now you can use the masking tape to fill the glass to the right level for each trial.
4. For observing the reaction, you will use the same volume of water at the same starting temperature. The only variable that you should change is the particle size of the tablets. You will use four different particle sizes for the Alka-Seltzer® tablets:
   1. A whole tablet
   2. A tablet broken in half
   3. A tablet broken in quarters
   4. A tablet ground into powder. To do this, fold a single tablet to be ground inside a clean piece of paper. Place the folded paper on a piece of scrap wood, and use the hammer to firmly pound the tablet about ten times. Stop immediately if the paper shows signs of tearing: you don't want to lose any of the powder.
5. Here is how to measure the reaction time:
   1. Fill the glass with water to the level of the masking tape.
   2. Measure the temperature of the water, and record it in your lab notebook. Each trial should be carried out at the same temperature, so adjust the water temperature (by adding warm or cold water) as necessary.
   3. Remove the thermometer. (It's not a good idea to use the thermometer as a stirring rod. It might break.)
   4. Have your helper get ready with the stop watch, while you get ready with an Alka-Seltzer®. Have your helper count one–two–three. On three, the helper starts the stop watch and you drop the tablet (or tablet pieces) into the water.
   5. You'll immediately see bubbles of CO₂ streaming out from the tablet.
   6. Stir the water gently and steadily. Use the same stirring method and speed for all of your experimental trials. The tablet will gradually disintegrate. Watch for all of the solid white material from the tablet to disappear.
   7. When the solid material has completely disappeared and the bubbles have stopped forming, say "Stop!" to have your helper stop the stopwatch.
   8. Record the reaction time in your lab notebook.
   9. Tip: be careful when opening the packets and handling the Alka-Seltzer® tablets. The tablets are thin and brittle, so they break easily. You need to have four whole tablets for this experiment.
6. For each of the four particle sizes, you should repeat the experiment three times, for a total of 12 trials. You can organize your data in a table like the one below.

   Particle Size	Temperature (°C)	Reaction Time (s)			Average Reaction Time (s)
   		Trial #1	Trial #2	Trial #3
   Whole Tablet
   Tablet Broken in Half
   Tablet Broken in Quarters
   Powdered Tablet

7. Calculate the average reaction time for each of the four particle sizes.
8. Make a bar graph showing the average reaction time, in seconds, (y-axis) vs. particle size (x-axis).
9. How does reaction time change with particle size?

Variations

• More advanced students should also calculate the standard deviation of the reaction times for each temperature.
  • Use the standard deviation to add error bars to your graph.
  • For example, say that the average reaction time for one particle size was 45 seconds, and the standard deviation was 5.2 seconds (these are made-up numbers). You would graph the bar for the data point at 45 seconds, and then draw short vertical bars above and below the top of the bar. Each vertical bar would have a length equivalent to 5.2 seconds.
  • Error bars give your audience a measure of the variance in your data.
• Does changing the particle size of the reactants have as big an effect as changing the temperature of the water? For an experiment that investigates the effect of temperature on the speed of the reaction, see the Science Buddies project Plop, Plop, Fizz Fast: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Time.
• In this experiment you observed the reaction mixture and watched as the tablets dissappeared and formed gas bubbles. For more advanced versions of this experiment, you can build a simple apparatus so that you can measure the volume of the gas produced over time. Because you will be able to collect data at multiple time points, you get information about how the reaction rate changes over time. For more advanced versions of measuring the reaction rate, see the Science Buddies projects:
  • How Fast Does an Alka-Seltzer® Tablet Make Gas?, and
  • Can You Change the Rate of a Chemical Reaction by Changing the Particle Size of the Reactants?.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Chemistry Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

• Bayer HealthCare, 2005. "Temperature and Rate of Reaction," Bayer HealthCare, LLC [accessed May 8, 2007] http://www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_experiment1.htm.
• Swanson, G.C., date unknown. "Chemistry Experiments for the Home: Bubble Rate," Science Department, Daytona Beach Community College [accessed May 8, 2007] http://faculty.dbcc.edu/swansoj/Bubble_Rate.htm.

Last edit date: 2008-05-14 11:00:00