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Project Summary

Difficulty	8
Time required	Short (several days)
Prerequisites	You should either currently be taking or have already completed a first course in geometry. You must understand the concept and method of a mathematical proof.
Material Availability	Readily available (laptop computer helpful for live demonstration)
Cost	Very Low (under $20)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

The figure below shows two circles, tangent to one another at point A. The diameters CD and EF are parallel. The objectives of this project are to:

1. prove that points A, D and F fall on the same line, and
2. illustrate the proof with a dynamic figure created with the Geometry Applet.

Introduction

This is an ancient problem in geometry, posed and proved by the great Greek mathematician Archimedes in his Book of Lemmas. The figure below shows two circles tangent to one another at point A. The centers of the circles are points Oa and Ob, and the diameters CD and EF are parallel. You'll learn below how you can click and drag on points to manipulate the diagram. The goals of this project are to:

1. prove that points A, D and F fall on the same line, and
2. illustrate your proof with a dynamic figure created with the Geometry Applet.

Notes on How to Manipulate the Diagram

The diagram is illustrated using the Geometry Applet (by kind permission of the author, see Bibliography). If you have any questions about the applet, send us an email at: scibuddy@sciencebuddies.org. With the help of the applet, you can manipulate the diagram by dragging points.

In order to take advantage of this applet, be sure that you have enabled Java on your browser. If you disable Java, or if your browser is not Java-capable, then the diagram will still appear, but as a plain, still image.

If you click on a point in the diagram, you can usually move it in some way. The free points, usually colored red, can be freely dragged about, and as they move, the rest of the diagram (except the other free points) will adjust appropriately. Sliding points, usually colored orange, can be dragged about like the free points, except their motion is limited to either a straight line, a circle, a plane, or a sphere, depending on the point. Other points can be dragged to translate the entire diagram. If a pivot point appears, usually colored green, then the diagram will be rotated and scaled around that pivot point. (Note that diagrams will often use only one or two of the above types of points.)

You can't drag a point off the diagram, but frequently parts of the diagram will be moved off as you drag other points around. If you type r or the space key while the cursor is over the diagram, then the diagram will be reset to its original configuration.

You can also lift the diagram off the page into a separate window. When you type u or return the diagram is moved to its own window. Typing d or return while the cursor is over the original window will return the diagram to the page. Note that you can resize the floating window to make the diagram larger.

To learn how to use the Geometry Applet to create your own dynamic diagrams, see: Getting Started with the Geometry Applet

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• tangent point,
• definition of a circle,
• definition of an isosceles triangle,
• angles produced by a line intersecting parallel lines,
• similar triangles.

• If a line intersects parallel lines, what do you know about the angles that are produced?
• For an isosceles triangle (that is, a triangle with a base and two equal sides), what do you know about the base angles?
• For any triangle, if you extend one of the sides, what do you know about the exterior angle which is thus produced?

Bibliography

• The Math Forum at Drexel University has some good advice on how to build a mathematical proof:
  http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/54693.html
• There are many more examples in their FAQ section:
  http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.proof.html
• For help with the programming the Geometry Applet, see:
  Geometry Applet How-to Pages
• The Geometry Applet was kindly provided to Science Buddies by its author, Professor David Joyce, who wrote it for illustrating an amazing online edition of Euclid's Elements. Book I, Proposition 32 has some information that you may find useful for this project:
  http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/bookI/propI32.html

Materials and Equipment

• For completing the proof manually, all you'll need is:
  • pencil,
  • paper,
  • compass, and
  • straightedge.
• For creating a dynamic diagram of the proof using the Geometry Applet, you will also need:
  • a computer,
  • a text editor (Notepad will work fine),
  • a Web browser program (e.g., Internet Explorer or Firefox).
• For a live demonstration along as part of your display, a laptop computer is recommended. Alternatively, if your school has a computer lab, talk to your teacher and see if you and other students doing computer science projects can arrange to display your science fair projects there.

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research. The Terms, Concepts and Questions section is a good place to start!
2. Organize your known facts (make a list!) Your list should include:
   1. the information given in the statement of the problem,
   2. relevant information from your background research, and
   3. relevant information from your knowledge of geometry.
3. Make sure you also write down a statement of the desired solution.
4. Try to build a list of the statements you need to prove in order to solve the problem. Remember that the goal of a proof is to construct a logical chain of steps leading from the given facts to the desired solution. Each step must be justified.
5. Constructing the proof does not have to be a one-way process, from beginning to end. You can also build backwards from the desired solution, and have your steps meet in the middle.
6. In addition to thinking logically, think visually!
   1. Remember that some of the facts you know about the problem will not be included in the original diagram which poses the problem. Finding ways to incorporate your known facts into the diagram may help you solve the problem.
   2. With many proofs, you also need to use your knowledge of geometry to build additional information into the diagram to solve the problem.
   3. Get yourself a few sheets of blank paper and try out your ideas as sketches.
7. Spend some time thinking about the problem and you should be able to come up with the proof.

Once you have the proof worked out on paper, you're ready to create your own dynamic diagram using the Geometry Applet. To learn how to use the Geometry Applet to create your own dynamic diagrams, see: Getting Started with the Geometry Applet

Try on your own first, but if you find that you need a hint, click here.

Variations

• For a more basic geometry project, see: Throwing You Some Curves: Is Red or Blue Longer?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Computer Science Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Last edit date: 2005-12-01 20:18:48

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Computer Science.

	Computer Programmer Computers are essential tools in the modern world, handling everything from traffic control, car welding, movie animation, shipping, aircraft design, and social networking to book publishing, business management, music mixing, health care, agriculture, and online shopping. Computer programmers are the people who write the instructions that tell computers what to do.			Computer Software Engineer Are you interested in developing cool video game software for computers? Would you like to learn how to make software run faster and more reliably on different kinds of computers and operating systems? Do you like to apply your computer science skills to solve problems? If so, then you might be interested in the career of a computer software engineer.
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	Computer Hardware Engineer Whether you are playing video games, surfing the Internet, or writing a term paper, computers are an integral part of our daily lives. Computer hardware engineers work to make computers faster, more robust, and more cost-effective. They design the microprocessor chips that make your computer function, along with the equipment that makes computing easy and fun to do.

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