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Project Summary

Difficulty  5  –  6 
Time required Short (several days)
Prerequisites Familiarity with Web browser and text editing programs
Material Availability Readily available
Cost Very Low (under $20)
Safety No issues

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Abstract

This project is a fun way to try your hand at programming. You'll learn how to create some simple animations, and you'll perform tests and make measurements to help you create more realistic-looking animations. All you need to get started is a Web browser and a text editor (like Notepad).

Objective

The goal of this project is to investigate the effects of timing interval and step size on perceived animation smoothness. You will write a simple JavaScript program that will move an object around on a Web page. This project will help you create more advanced Web pages that could have any type of animation.

Introduction

This is an example of a first-time programming project. You will be writing a basic animation program that will move an object around on your computer screen, on a Web page in your browser window. The project uses JavaScript, an interpreted programming language supported by most Web browsers. You will learn how to write an HTML file containing your program, and how to load and run the file in your browser. You'll also learn how to control the motion of the object, and you will experiment with different settings to see the effect on apparent smoothness of the motion.

Preliminaries

These are things you need to know before you get started.

  1. You'll need to write your file with a text editor, which is a program that can save plain text files. The "Notepad" program that comes with Windows will do just fine. You should not use a word processing program (e.g., Word), because word processors do not save files as plain text by default.
  2. JavaScript is a programming language for web pages, so the HTML file you will be writing is like a simple web page. Here is the basic format of an HTML file:

    <!-- comment line: ignored by browser, use these as notes to yourself about your program -->
    <HTML>
    <HEAD>
            [Title and JavaScript functions go here.]
    </HEAD>

    <BODY>
            [The parts you want to appear on the page go here.]
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

    HTML uses tags to designate various parts of the document. Tags are enclosed by the characters "<" (less-than sign) and ">" (greater-than sign). The first line is a comment, enclosed by "<!--" and "-->". Comments in an HTML file are ignored by the browser, so you can use them as notes to yourself. They can help you remember what the different parts of your program are supposed to do. You need the tag "<HTML>" at the beginning. The document has two sections, a HEAD section, which contains general information about the document, and a BODY section which contains the displayed material. The HEAD section is where you would specify the title of the document, and also where you would put JavaScript functions used in the document. The end of the HEAD section is indicated by the end tag, "</HEAD>". Next comes the BODY section, with material that you wish to appear on the page. It is ended by the end tag "</BODY>". Finally, the end of the document is indicated by the HTML end tag, "</HTML>". The same pattern applies to all HTML tags: the end tag is made by adding "/" (the forward slash character) to the beginning of the corresponding start tag.

  3. For practice, try using your text editor to write a very simple HTML file like the one below. (You can write it yourself, or you can copy and paste from your browser to your text editor.)

    <!-- Science Buddies: HelloWorld.html -->
    <HTML>
    <HEAD>
       <TITLE>Hello, world!</TITLE>
    </HEAD>

    <BODY>
       Hello, world!
    </BODY>
    </HTML>
  4. Use your text editor to save the file. Call it something like "HelloWorld.html" (when choosing a name for your file, always end the name with ".htm" or ".html").
  5. Now open your HelloWorld.html file with your browser. In your browser, use the "File" menu, and choose the option "Open..." (for Firefox, choose "Open File..."). Using the controls in the File Open dialog box that pops up, navigate to your file and select it. You should see "Hello, world!" on both the browser title bar and on the body of the page.

Getting Started with JavaScript

Now that you've succeeded with writing an HTML file and opening it with your browser, you're ready to delve into JavaScript. The following link has a step-by-step tutorial that will give you a great introduction to JavaScript programming: http://www.webteacher.com/javascript/index.html

Writing a JavaScript Animation

The rest of the Introduction will cover the pieces that you need to write an animation program in JavaScript:

  1. a function, to control the timing and placement of the image on the page,
  2. one or more HTML image objects to move on the page,
  3. a JavaScript object (that is, a way to refer to the HTML object(s) in JavaScript), and
  4. a timer, to update the page at regular intervals.
Once you have put all these together, you will be able to start exploring how changing the settings affects the appearance of the animation.

A JavaScript Function

As you learned in the tutorial, JavaScript uses functions. Functions can do nearly anything you want them to do. Your function will contain code that will run your animation. A function in JavaScript looks like this:
// This is an example of a single-line JavaScript comment.
// Below is an example of a multi-line JavaScript comment.
/* This function doesn't do anything useful yet,
   but we will add code later to make it work.

function myFunction()
{
/* Your animation code will go here */
}

Here is how to put the JavaScript function into an HTML file. The function is included in the section of the HTML file, like this:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>My HTML</TITLE>
<!-- saved from url=(0030)http://www.sciencebuddies.org/ -->
<!-- When this code is saved as a local file, the preceding line tells Internet Explorer to treat this file according to the security rules for the Internet zone (plus any security rules specific for the Science Buddies website). -->
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2">
<!--
// This is an example of a single-line JavaScript comment.
// Below is an example of a multi-line JavaScript comment.
/* This function doesn't do anything useful yet,
   but we will add code later to make it work.

function myFunction()
{
/* Your animation code will go here */
}
// -->
</SCRIPT>
My Page
</BODY>
</HTML>

An HTML Image Object

Your function will need an object to animate. For this example, we will keep it simple. We will use a ball as an object. To get your object, right click on the red ball (below), and do a "Save As..." Save the ball image as ball1.gif, in the same directory as your HTML file. (Note: if you choose a different filename, you will also have to change the name in the HTML <IMG> tag, below.) Here is the ball image for you to save:
image of a red ball

Now we will add the ball to your HTML file by inserting the following text just after <BODY>:
<IMG ID="ball" STYLE="position: absolute; left: 200; top: 200; width: 10; height: 10;" SRC="ball1.gif">

Save your HTML file and open it in the Web browser. You should see the little red ball on your Web page. The ball should be 10 pixels wide. It should be located 200 pixels from the top of the Web page and 200 pixels from the left edge of the page. You can try changing the way your ball looks by changing the value of left, top, width, and height. For example, if you want a bigger ball, you can change the width and height from 10 to 50. Prove to yourself that it works. Try changing some of these values, saving the HTML file, and opening the file in a browser.

An Object in JavaScript

The object from step 2 is an HTML image object. We need to be able to use this object in JavaScript, so we have to create a JavaScript variable to represent the ball. Add this variable on the line before myFunction.

var myBall;

The statement above creates the variable, next we have to assign a value to the variable. That is, we have to tell JavaScript that myBall should represent the HTML object "ball." To do this, we use a built-in JavaScript object called document. We can use document to get an HTML object by its ID. To do this, replace the last line you added with:

var myBall = document.getElementById("ball");

This line tells JavaScript to look in the HTML document and find the object, or element, with the ID "ball," and assign it to the JavaScript variable myBall. You will notice in the HTML our ball has the ID of "ball." Now JavaScript knows about the ball in the Web page.

The Time

Animation requires that we change something on an interval. For example, we may want to change the position of the ball every five seconds, or change the color every ten seconds. We will tell JavaScript to call our function, on an interval so we can change something. To accomplish this add the following call to the built-in JavaScript method, "setInterval" (add this line before the code for myFunction()):

setInterval("myFunction()", 200);

This line tells JavaScript to run myFunction every 200 milliseconds. Right now, myFunction does not do anything. So let's add animation code to myFunction.

Writing a Simple Animation Function in JavaScript

For the first animation example, we will have the ball keep moving down the screen. First we need another variable to keep track of our current location. Add this variable after the myBall variable:

var loc = 200;

Add this code between the braces of myFunction:

loc += 10; // This adds 10 to the value of loc
myBall.style.top= loc; // This moves the ball

In this case we are changing one of the properties of the ball. The property is style.top. We can change this property to make the ball move up or down.

Now save your HTML file, and open it in your Web browser. You should see your ball keep moving down the screen. You have just created an animated Web page! If your page is not working, here is the entire HTML file:

<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>My Html</TITLE>
<!-- saved from url=(0030)http://www.sciencebuddies.org/ -->
<!-- When this code is saved as a local file, the preceding line tells Internet Explorer to treat this file according to the security rules for the Internet zone (plus any security rules specific for the Science Buddies website). -->
</HEAD>
<body>
<IMG ID="ball" STYLE="position: absolute; left: 200; top: 200; width: 10;" SRC="CompSci_img016.gif">
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2">
<!--

var myBall = document.getElementById("ball");
var loc = 200;

setInterval("myFunction()", 200);

function myFunction()
{
   loc += 10; // This adds 10 to the value of loc
   myBall.style.top = loc; // This moves the ball
}

// -->
</SCRIPT>
My Page
</BODY>
</HTML>

Improving the Animation Function: A Bouncing Ball

Just having a ball move down of you Web page may not be very exciting. We can make the ball move up and down by using a variable to determine the direction the ball is moving. Once it reaches an upper limit or a lower limit, we will make it turn around. Add the variable direction to the line above myFunction:

var direction = 0;

We will use this variable called direction so we know which way the ball is moving. 0 means the ball is moving down, and 1 means the ball is moving up. Try replacing myFunction with this new myFunction (to keep your previous work, save the HTML file with a new name):

function myFunction()
{
   if(0 == direction)
   {
      /* move down */
      loc += 10;

      if(loc >= 500)
      {
         /* reached lower limit, change direction */
         direction = 1;
      }
   }
   else
   {
      /* move up */
      loc -= 10;

      if(loc < 10)
      {
         /* reached upper limit, change direction */
         direction = 0;
      }
   }

   myBall.style.top = loc;
}

Going Further

The goal of this project is to determine the best settings for the timer interval and ball step size in order to produce the smoothest animation. You can make the project even better by going further with your investigation of animation. The Variations section, below, has some suggestions to get you thinking.

Note for JavaScript files with Internet Explorer:
If you experience difficulty running your JavaScript code in Internet Explorer, we strongly suggest that you install the Firefox web browser and use it instead of Internet Explorer. For more information or to download the Firefox installer, see: http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/.

If you want to continue to use Internet Explorer, try adding the following line at the beginning of your file:
<!-- saved from url=(0014)about:internet -->
This line will cause Internet Explorer to run your file according to the security rules for the Internet zone on your computer. In our experience this may work, or it may not. For more information see: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/workshop/author/dhtml/overview/motw.asp and http://www.phdcc.com/xpsp2.htm.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To write a simple program in JavaScript, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

Questions:

Bibliography

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

Experimental Procedure

Adding Variables

The goal of this project is to determine the best settings for the timer interval and ball step size in order to produce the smoothest animation. The script you created in the Introduction section has hard-coded numbers for these quantities. It will be much more convenient to change these values if you add variables for the timer interval and the step size for the motion of the ball. This way, you will only need to change the value in one place, when the variable is assigned a value, rather than searching for a hard-coded value in multiple places throughout the script.

  1. It will be much more convenient to change these values if you add variables for the timer interval and the step size to control the motion of the ball.
  2. You can make it even easier to change the values of the variables by adding a <FORM> section to your HTML page, with <INPUT> fields linked to the script variables. With this feature, you'll be able to change the values right in your Web browser program, rather than having to use a text editor to change the HTML file. It's not hard to do, and you can learn all about it by checking out this project: Forms and Functions: Writing a Simple Calculator Program with JavaScript.

Calculating Time

The next thing to do is to verify that your timer interval is working as you expect. For instance, there may be some timer settings that are too fast for your browser program to keep up with. For each of the timing intervals you wish to use in your experiment, you need to run a test like the one described below.

  1. As our example, we will use the final animation function presented in the Introduction. This is the one where the ball changes direction, bouncing up and down from 0 to 500 pixels.
  2. When you start the Web page, the ball will be moving down. At the moment the ball turns around and starts moving up, start your stopwatch. Stop it at the moment the ball reaches the top of the Web page. How long did it take?
  3. Now let's do some math to determine how long it should have taken. We set the interval to 200 milliseconds. On each interval we said to move the ball 10 pixels. That means the ball should move 50 pixels every second. How did we determine this?

    10 pixels / 200 milliseconds
    = 10 pixels / 0.200 second
    = 50 pixels / second.

    Now we know the speed of the ball. How long should it take for the ball to move from the bottom to the top (500 pixels)?
  4. How close were the timed results to your calculated results? (For a timer interval of 200 ms and a distance of 500 pixels, they should agree pretty well.)
  5. For each timer interval that you wish to use for your experiment, run a similar test. For shorter timer intervals, you will need to also decrease the step size (or increase the total distance traveled, or count more than one "bounce") in order to have enough time elapse so that you can measure it accurately.

Measuring Smoothness

  1. You'll need to figure out a rating scale to measure "smoothness." Start out by making observations at different settings:
    • Do you see multiple images or a single image of the ball?
    • Does the ball appear clearly, or is it fuzzy? (Maybe a little bit of blur makes the animation more realistic?)
    • Is the motion really jumpy?
  2. Once you have an idea of the range of effects, assign a rating scale from 1 to 5, low scores being poor ratings and high scores being excellent ratings.
  3. If you have some willing helpers available, ask them for their perceptions. Explain your rating scale and have them rate the smoothness with the same settings you try (see below).

Collecting and Analyzing Your Data

  1. Systematically explore combinations of timer interval and step size in order to find the best settings for your animation. (Remember to verify that the desired timer settings actually work as you expect.)
  2. For example, you could try a series of step sizes that increase by a factor of 2: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 pixels, etc.
  3. You can do a similar series of timer steps.
  4. Try each possible pair of settings, and rate the smoothness of the animation.
  5. Make graphs of your smoothness rating as a function of step size and timer interval.
  6. Which combinations work best? Is there more than one group of settings that works reasonably well?

Variations

Credits

Credits image

By Nate Brogan, Symantec

Edited by Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies


Last edit date: 2006-04-17 19:27:59

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Computer Science.

Computer Programmer
Computers are essential tools in the modern world, handling everything from traffic control, car welding, movie animation, shipping, aircraft design, and social networking to book publishing, business management, music mixing, health care, agriculture, and online shopping. Computer programmers are the people who write the instructions that tell computers what to do. 		  Computer Software Engineer
Are you interested in developing cool video game software for computers? Would you like to learn how to make software run faster and more reliably on different kinds of computers and operating systems? Do you like to apply your computer science skills to solve problems? If so, then you might be interested in the career of a computer software engineer.
Network Systems and Data Communications Analyst
Computers are an important part of our lives. We use computers to hold and process data, to control manufacturing factories, and to surf the Internet. We are all part of many different kinds of computer networks that are continually sharing information. The role of the network systems and data communications analyst is to design, model, and evaluate computer networks so that they can share information seamlessly. This is an exciting career for those people who enjoy working with rapidly changing technology. 		  Software Quality Assurance Engineer and Tester
Software quality assurance engineers and testers oversee the quality of a piece of software's development over its entire life cycle. Their goal is to see to it that the final product meets the customer's requirements and expectations in both performance and value. During the software life cycle, they verify (officially state) that it is possible for the software to accomplish certain tasks. They detect problems that exist in the process of developing the software, or in the product itself. They try and make things not work (try to "break" the software) by creating errors or combinations of errors that a user might make. For example, if a user enters a period or a pound sign for a password, will that break the software? They seek to anticipate potential issues with the software before they become visible. At the end of the life cycle, they reflect upon how problems or bugs arose, and figure out ways to make the software development process better in the future.
Computer Hardware Engineer
Whether you are playing video games, surfing the Internet, or writing a term paper, computers are an integral part of our daily lives. Computer hardware engineers work to make computers faster, more robust, and more cost-effective. They design the microprocessor chips that make your computer function, along with the equipment that makes computing easy and fun to do. 		 


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