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Project Summary

Difficulty	6
Time required	Long (a couple of weeks)
Prerequisites	Parental consent must be granted for each child participating in this experiment. In addition, the experimental design (including consent forms) must be approved by the fair's SRC.
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Very Low (under $20)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to determine if young children are able to tell the difference between candy and medicine.

Introduction

Many medicines are in the form of colorful tablets, pills, or even chewable gels. To a small child (or perhaps even an adult), they might appear like candy, especially out of the medicine bottle. What cues do we use to tell the difference between medicine and candy? Can small children tell them apart?

Keeping medicine out of reach of small children is one way to protect them from a potential hazard. Here are some additional tips on poison prevention related to medicine and small children from the Oklahoma Poison Control Center (Staff, 2005):

• Never refer to medicine as candy. Doing so could create the perception that it is harmless.
• Since children also mimic adults, avoid taking medications in front of them. Vitamins, particularly those containing iron, can be poisonous if taken in large doses.
• Beware of certain cosmetics and personal products. In addition to medicines, children may be tempted to taste cosmetics and personal-care products. Store items such as aftershave, cologne, perfume, hair spray, shampoo, and fingernail polish remover out of reach.
• Keep products in original containers. Never put them in anything else, where they could be mistaken for something harmless.
• Ask for and buy child-resistant packaging. Child-resistant caps do not guarantee children cannot open them, but can slow them down.

To do this project, you will have to survey a random sample of small children to see if they can tell the difference between selected medicines and candies. You will need to have written permission from the children's parents before conducting the study. The Experimental Procedure section explains how to construct the survey. The Science Buddies resource, How Many Survey Participants Do I Need?, will show you how to figure out how many respondents you need to recruit in order to achieve your desired level of confidence that your results are representative of the total population.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• population,
• random sample.

Questions

• How many participants do you need in your study in order to be 90% confident that the results from your study are representative of 4–6 year-olds in general? How many participants for a 95% confidence level?

Bibliography

• ESN, 2005. "The End of the Age of Bitter Pills," European Sensory Network [accessed July 26, 2006] http://www.esn-network.com/281.html.
• Staff, 2005. "Tips on Poison Prevention," Oklahoma Poison Control Center [accessed July 26, 2006] http://www.oklahomapoison.org/press/detailed.asp?InterestID=130.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• sample over-the-counter medicines,
• sample candies,
• varnish or shellac,
• glue,
• index cards,
• lab notebook,
• graph paper,
• children between the ages of 4 and 6 (written parental consent must be obtained).

Experimental Procedure

Note: There are special considerations when designing an experiment involving human subjects. For an experiment such as this, which involves children, parental consent must be obtained for all participants prior to beginning the experiment. In addition, the experimental design must be approved by the fair's scientific review committee (SRC) prior to the commencement of experiments or surveys. Please refer to the ISEF rules for additional important requirements for studies involving human subjects: http://www.sciserv.org/isef/document/.

1. You will need to plan well ahead for this experiment in order to obtain scientific review board approval and parental consent forms for your survey participants. The scientific review board will need a detailed description of your proposed experimental procedure. They will also need to approve the parental consent forms before you begin.
2. With help from your parents or a pharmacist, examine over-the-counter medicines available in a local drug store. What are the typical shapes, sizes and colors used for medicine? Which ones do you think would be most easily confused with candy? Which ones do you think would be least likely to be confused with candy? Make selections (e.g., up to 10) for use in the study. Try to include both kinds of medicines (easily confused with candy, unlikely to be confused with candy).
3. Select an equal number of candies for use in the study. Again, try to include both those that could easily be confused with medicine, and those that you think are unlikely to be confused with medicine.
4. Prepare a sample of each medicine and candy for test presentation by varnishing the surface, and then gluing a single piece to the center of a blank index card. Identify the medicine or candy lightly on the back of the card in pencil. Make sure that the writing does not show through the front of the card. Or better yet, number the cards, and make a table in your lab notebook to identify the contents of each card.
5. Get permission from parents of Kindergarten students to participate in study. You will also need to get permission from the teacher of each Kindergarten class.
6. In the classroom with teacher present, perform the test with each child individually. Hold up each card and ask, "Is this candy or medicine?"
7. Record the answer for each card.
8. Tally the results for each sample and record on a graph.
9. How many medicines were mistaken for candy?
10. How many candies were mistaken for medicine?
11. How confident can you be that your results would be the same if you surveyed all of the Kindergarteners in your state?

Variations

• In this experiment you have removed many of the clues (e.g., packaging) that an adult would use to tell medicine apart from candy. Do you think candy confusion would be a problem for other age groups? Expand the study to include older age groups. How do the results from older children, teenagers, and/or adults compare?
• Small children can't swallow pills whole with water, like older children and adults. Oral drug formulations for small children are made as liquids, chewable tablets, and gels. Some are even available in the form of "a melt-in-your-mouth 'candy' with appealing names and tastes such as 'Grape Punch', 'Wacky Watermelon', and 'Bubblegum Burst', packaged in eye-catching bright cherry-red. The results: increased sales." (ESN, 2005) Design an experiment to test whether packaged medicines like these can be mistaken for candy.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Human Behavior Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

This project is based on:

• Sisk, R.R., 2004. "Candy or Medicine? Children May Be Confused," California State Science Fair Abstract [accessed July 26, 2006] http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2004/Projects/J1717.pdf.

Last edit date: 2006-09-06 17:08:26

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Human Behavior.

	Psychologist Why people take certain actions can often feel like a mystery. Psychologists help solve these mysteries by investigating the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behavior and the human mind. Some psychologists also apply these findings in order to design better products or to help people change their behaviors.			Political Scientist Do you watch the news and wonder why and how the governments of different countries make decisions, especially decisions that seem contrary to what you'd expect? You might be a political scientist in the making! Political science is the study of governments, public policies and political processes, systems, and political behavior. Political scientists use both humanistic and scientific perspectives and tools to examine the processes and political dynamics of all of the countries of the world.
	Marriage and Family Therapist Families and couples face many problems, from difficult child behaviors, depression, and compulsions to anger-management issues and eating disorders. Sometimes these problems get repeated generation after generation, whereas other times they arise spontaneously. Marriage and family therapists can help break the cycles of maladaptive behaviors. They provide goal-oriented counseling that focuses on the family and close relationships. They diagnose mental health problems, give psychological tests, provide counseling services, and refer patients who need medication to psychiatrists.

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