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• Science Fair Project Guide

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• Sample Size: How Many Survey Participants Do I Need?

Project Summary

Difficulty	7
Time required	Long (a couple of weeks)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Average ($50 - $100)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to find out how well the honor system works for donations to a worthy cause. Will people be more honest when someone is watching?

Introduction

If you've ever done fund-raising with a bake sale for your school or some other organization, you know it's a lot of work. You have to organize donations, advertise the sale, then set up and sell the items and collect the money. How do you think it would work if you tried to raise money on the honor system? For example, what if you had cookies or some other baked goodies available for a voluntary donation? Do you think people would make contributions honestly, or would they take cookies without paying? Would it make a difference if the location for donations was watched or not? That's what this experiment is designed to find out.

You'll need to get permission from your school (or other organization) to set up this experiment. You'll also need a worthy cause (like a class trip, or a charity organization) to accept the donations you collect. You will need a secured lockbox to collect the donations—you don't want to tempt someone into walking off with your cash box, so make sure it is locked closed and securely fastened in place. Finally, you'll need two locations to try your experiment. One location should always be under observation: the school office, for example. The other location should be a public place that is not always under direct observation: a public lobby, for example.

What do you think will happen with donations at the two locations? Try this project and find out for yourself!

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• Psychology of deterrence
• Honor system (also called a "trust system")
• Self interest

Questions

• How important are the following factors in creating an effective deterrent:
  • Severity of punishment
  • Probability of being caught
  • Probability of being observed

Bibliography

• Wikipedia contributors, 2007a. "Deterrence (psychological)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [accessed September 4, 2007] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deterrence_%28psychological%29.
• Wikipedia contributors, 2007b. "Honor System," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [accessed September 4, 2007] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honor_system&oldid=155384752.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• Permission from your school or other organization to conduct the experiment
• Cookies or other baked goods
• Secure donation box
• Signs to advertise what the donation is for
• Two locations for setting up the cookies and donation box:
  • One location should be under direct observation by a responsible adult during times that donations are accepted.
  • The other location should be a public place that is not always under direct observation.

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions, above.
2. Obtain permission and cooperation from your school (or other organization) in order to do this project, so you should make sure to obtain this at the start, before devoting a lot of time to the project. If you can't make this step work, select another project instead.
3. Select a worthy cause for which you can collect donations (For example, a class trip, or a well-regarded charity such as UNICEF).
4. Select two test locations for setting up your honor-system donation.
   1. One location should be under direct observation by a responsible adult during times that donations are accepted.
   2. The other location should be a public place that is not always under direct observation.
5. Prepare a box for accepting donations.
   1. The box should be securely locked.
   2. The box should have a slot that allows donations to be inserted easily, but not taken back out.
   3. The box should be securely fastened in place.
6. Make a sign to explain what group the donations will benefit. Be sure to include the requested donation per item. You may also want to put up additional signs elsewhere in the building to advertise the sale.
7. Set out the cookies, sign, and donation box.
   1. Use the two locations (supervised and unsupervised) on alternate days, but during the same time period for each location.
   2. Remember to count the number of cookies at the start of each session.
8. At the end of each session, count the number of remaining cookies, and the amount of money that was donated.
9. For the purposes of the experiment, count each cookie as representing an individual participant for your study. To see how many sample points you should collect at each location in order to have statistical confidence in your results, see the Science Buddies resource Sample Size: How Many Survey Participants Do I Need?
10. Calculate the amount of money donated per cookie for each location. Is there a difference between the two locations?

Variations

• For a related experiment with a slightly different theme, see the Science Buddies project Only If They Think They Can Get Away with It?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Human Behavior Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

This project is based on an entry to the 2007 San Francisco Bay Area Science Fair:

• Brown, E., 2007. "How Would You Take Your Cookie?" San Francisco Bay Area Science Fair.

Last edit date: 2007-10-09 13:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Human Behavior.

Psychologist Why people take certain actions can often feel like a mystery. Psychologists help solve these mysteries by investigating the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behavior and the human mind. Some psychologists also apply these findings in order to design better products or to help people change their behaviors.

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