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Project Summary

Difficulty	6  –  7
Time required	Very Short (a day or less)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Low ($20 - $50)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to determine your threshold of taste for sweetness, sourness and saltiness. You will determine what is the lowest concentration of a solution that still has perceptible taste for salt, sugar and vinegar.

Introduction

Our neural system for taste is remarkably sensitive. Not only can we sense compounds at extremely low concentrations, we can also discriminate between compounds that are closely related. For some molecules, we can distinguish between different stereoisomers—molecules that are made of exactly the same atoms, but are mirror images of one another (Dodd & Castellucci, 1991). The artificial sweetener aspartame is an example. It tastes sweet, but its stereoisomer does not. Our noses are similarly sensitive: one stereoisomer of carvone smells of spearmint while its mirror image smells of carraway (Dodd & Castelluci, 1991).

In this experiment, you will determine your own taste thresholds for sweet, sour and salty solutions. You will start with a 10% solution, and use the process of serial dilution to make a series of solutions, each 10-fold weaker than the preceding one (i.e., 1%, 0.1%, 0.001%, etc.) If done properly, this is an extremely accurate method.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• taste perception,
• taste buds,
• interactions between smell and taste,
• Weber-Fechner law,
• Stevens' power law.

Bibliography

• For an introduction to the physiology of taste, check out these websites:
  • Bowen, R., 2003. "Physiology of Taste," Colorado State University [accessed January 19, 2006] http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/taste.html.
  • Jacob, T., 2003. "Taste—A Brief Tutorial by Tim Jacob," School of Biosciences, Cardiff University [accessed January 19, 2006] http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html.
• Here's an interesting news article about an electronic chemosensor:
  Unattributed news release, 1998. "Researchers Taste Success with Electronic Tongue," College of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin [accessed January 20, 2006] http://www.engr.utexas.edu/news/articles/19981026319/index.cfm.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• salt (sodium chloride),
• granulated sugar (sucrose),
• vinegar,
• water (preferably distilled),
• stirring rod or spoon,
• gram balance,
• 100 mL graduated cylinder,
• 10 mL graduated cylinder,
• cotton swabs,
• paper cups,
• paper towels.

Experimental Procedure

1. Make a data table in your lab notebook like the one below. Use as many columns as you need to determine your taste threshold for each substance. You may want to leave more space or make a separate data table for additional observations that you make during the experiment (e.g., testing different areas of your tongue).

   Substance	10%	1%	0.1%	0.01%	etc.
   sucrose
   sodium chloride
   vinegar

2. Measure 90 ml of distilled water and pour it into a paper cup. Add 10 g of granulated sugar. Stir until dissolved. This gives you a 10% (weight/weight, or w/w) sucrose solution.
3. Rinse your mouth with plain tap water and wipe your tongue dry with a clean paper towel.
4. Dip a clean cotton swab into the 10% sugar solution and smear it all around your tongue. If you can taste the sweetness, put a + in your data table for 10% sucrose. Note any other observations that you make.
5. Now measure out 10 ml of the 10% sucrose solution and pour it into a clean paper cup. Add 90 ml of distilled water and stir. (Note: use a clean stirrer, or else thoroughly rinse and dry the previous stirrer, so that you don't carry over concentrated solution into the dilute solution.) This will give you a 1% sugar solution.
6. Again rinse your mouth with plain tap water and wipe your tongue dry with a clean paper towel.
7. Now dip a clean cotton swab into the 1% sugar solution and smear it all around your tongue. If you can taste the sweetness, put a + in your data table for 1% sucrose. Note any other observations that you make.
8. Continue making serial dilutions, rinsing and drying your tongue, and testing each new solution with the cotton swab procedure. Record the results in your lab notebook. The lowest concentration at which you can still taste the sweetness is your approximate taste threshold.
9. Repeat the experiment with salt (sodium chloride) and vinegar (main ingredient: acetic acid). To make a 10% (volume/volume, or v/v) solution of vinegar, use 2 ml of vinegar and 18 ml of water.

• Were your thresholds the same for all three tastes? Can you think of reasonable explanations for your results?
• Do sugar solutions that are 10-fold more concentrated taste 10× as sweet? Same question for salt and vinegar solutions.
• Some textbooks will tell you that certain areas of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes, for example, the the tip of the tongue is more sensitive to sweetness. From your observations while doing this experiment, did you find that certain areas of your tongue are more sensitive to a particular taste (sweet/sour/salty)? If you did, draw a diagram to show the areas with the lowest threshold for each taste.

Variations

• Is there a difference in taste threshold for iodized vs. non-iodized salt?
• Do background research to find out how many molecules are in 10 g of salt. Calculate the number of salt molecules that were contained in the lowest-concentration solution which you could taste. If you assume that the cotton swab holds 0.1 ml, how many salt molecules were available on the cotton swab for you to detect? Do the same for sugar, and, if you are really enterprising, for vinegar.
• In this experiment you used 10-fold serial dilutions to establish your threshold of taste. Design an experiment to determine your threshold with higher precision.
• Recruit enough volunteers in different age groups to take this threshold of taste test so that you can test the hypothesis that taste threshold changes predictably with age. Do your results support the hypothesis?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Human Biology & Health Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies
DiBari, 1998. "Taste Lab," Troy High School Labs Online, Troy, NY [accessed January 18, 2006] http://www.troy.k12.ny.us/thsbiology/labs_online/home_labs/taste_lab_home.html.
Dodd, J. and V.F. Castelluci, 1991. Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses, in Kandel E., J.H. Schwarz and T.M. Jessell. Principles of Neuroscience: Third Edition. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.

Last edit date: 2006-02-22 00:28:34

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Human Biology & Health.

	Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technician Doctor's need information to decide if a person is healthy or sick, if a baby's earache is bacterial or viral, or if the man next door needs medication to lower his cholesterol and prevent a heart attack. The information often comes in the form of results from lab tests. Medical and clinical laboratory technicians are the people who perform these routine medical laboratory tests, giving the doctors the information needed to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.			Physician Physicians work to ease physical and mental suffering due to injury and disease. They diagnose medical conditions and then prescribe or administer appropriate treatments. Physicians also seek to prevent medical problems in their patients by advising preventative care. Ultimately, physicians try to help people live and feel better at every age.
	Registered Nurse Registered nurses have been called the backbone of our health-care system. Working on the front lines of medical care, they treat patients, monitor and record their condition, help establish a plan of care, educate patients or the public about a medical condition, and provide advice and emotional support to patients’ family members. Registered nurses are highly observant and detail-oriented, and are often the first to catch important and changing signs and symptoms. Many nurses specialize in one or more types of medicine, such as emergency care, hospice, labor and delivery, psychiatry, surgery, or wound care.			Audiologist On each side of your head is the auditory system, one of the most beautifully designed organs in the human body. The auditory system not only detects sound, but is closely tied to the vestibular system, which helps a person with balance, and knowing how his or her body is moving through space. Audiologists detect, diagnose, and develop treatment plans for people of all ages who have problems with hearing, balance, or spatial positioning. This important work impacts how well a person is able to communicate and function at home, school, and work.

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