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Project Summary

Difficulty	2  –  3
Time required	Average (about one week)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Very Low (under $20)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

Track your heart rate throughout the day to see which activities cause it to beat faster.

Introduction

"Lub-dub, lub-dub, lub-dub." That is the sound the doctor hears when he or she uses a stethoscope to listen to your heart. The doctor listens to make sure the heartbeat sounds normal and has a regular, steady rhythm. But did you know that you can figure out how fast your heart is beating without a stethoscope? This is done by taking your pulse.

Figure 1. The human heart, like the one pictured above, is a muscle that pumps blood to all other parts of the body. (Wikipedia, 2008.)

Every time the heart beats it is pushing out blood, which is full of oxygen, throughout your body. This oxygenated (which means full of oxygen) blood travels throughout your body in tubes called blood vessels. The cells in your body remove the oxygen from the blood as it travels by and use the oxygen to energize and stay healthy. By placing your fingers over a blood vessel close to the surface of your skin, you can feel the pulse of the blood rushing through the blood vessel every time your heart beats. If you count the number of pulses you feel in 1 minute, you will know how fast your heart is beating. But if you are trying to figure out what your heart rate is immediately after exercise or another physical activity, it is better to only count the pulses for 10 seconds and then multiply that number by 6 to get the number of pulses in 60 seconds (1 minute). That's because the heart recovers quickly from physical activity, and to get the most accurate data about how quickly the heart was beating during the activity, it is important to measure as quickly as possible after the activity. Equation 1, below, shows the formula for calculating heart rate.

Equation 1:

heart rate = (# of pulse beats in 10 seconds) × 6

Do you know what your heart rate is? It changes throughout the day, depending on how much energy you're using. The more physically active you are, the more oxygen you need, which means your heart has to beat faster to move all the oxygenated blood around. Which of your normal activities do you think makes your heart beat the fastest? What time of day is your heart rate the slowest? In this science fair project you'll find out the answer to these questions by measuring your pulse several times throughout the day as you do different activities.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

• Stethoscope
• Pulse
• Blood vessel
• Cell
• Heart rate
• Carotid artery
• Radial artery

Questions

• What is the range of heart rates for a healthy person?
• How does the heart pump blood?
• What effects do exercise and physical activity have on heart rates?

Bibliography

Have an adult help you do further research by visiting the following websites. These websites offer more information on pulses and heart rates:

• Learn2 Corporation. (2004). Learn2 Take a Pulse. Retrieved June 12, 2008 from http://www.tutorials.com/09/0902/09025.asp
• Cleveland Clinic Heart and Vascular Institute. (n.d.). Pulse and Target Heart Rate. Retrieved June 12, 2008 from http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/exercise/pulsethr.aspx

This website will give you more information about how the heart and blood vessels work.

• Baffa, G. (2005, March). Your Heart & Circulatory System. Retrieved June 18, 2008 from http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/heart.html

For help creating graphs, try this website:

• National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Create a Graph. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/CreateAGraph/default.aspx

Materials and Equipment

• Stopwatch
• Lab notebook
• Graph paper

Experimental Procedure

Practice Taking Your Pulse and Calculating Heart Rate

Before starting your experiment, it is important that you have practiced taking your pulse and using that data to calculate heart rate.

1. There are two spots usually used to take a pulse: the carotid artery in the neck and the radial artery in the wrist. Arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Figure 2 shows the location of both these arteries.
   1. For descriptions on how to find these spots, check out the Learn2 Take a Pulse website.
   2. Practice finding and taking pulse measurements from both spots and decide which is easiest for you.

   Figure 2. These photos show a person taking his own pulse using the carotid artery, located in the side of the neck, and the radial artery on the inside of the wrist.

2. Press the fingertips of your index and middle fingers over either the radial or carotid artery. Gently wiggle your fingertips around until you feel a steady, rhythmic pulse. Don't push too hard.
   1. Never use your thumb to take a pulse. Thumbs also have strong pulses and you might confuse the pulsing of your thumb with the beating of the pulse you're trying to measure.
   2. If you are measuring the pulse in the carotid artery, never measure it on both sides of the neck at the same time and do not massage that area of the neck (just press gently with two fingers instead). Both these actions can interrupt blood flow and cause fainting or loss of breath.
3. Once you've found the pulse, use your other hand to start the stopwatch. Or have a helper run the stopwatch for you.
4. Using the stopwatch to keep track of the time, count the number of beats you feel in 10 seconds.
5. Multiply the number of beats in 10 seconds by 6 to get the total number of beats in 1 minute (which is 60 seconds). This calculation is illustrated in Equation 1 in the Introduction.
   1. Although heart rates are described in beats per minute (bpm), you will only measure your pulse for 10 seconds and then multiply by 6 to calculate beats per minute. Your heart goes back to pumping at regular speed very quickly after exercise or physical activity. So if you measure past 10 seconds, your heart rate will nearly be back to normal already, which would not help you figure out what the rate was when it was beating quickly.

Collecting Your Heart Rate Data

Once you've got the hang of taking your pulse and calculating your heart rate, you are ready to start your experiment. The goal is to measure your heart rate several times throughout the day.

1. Take your pulse first thing in the morning, before you've even gotten out of bed. This is your resting heart rate. Record the data in a table, like the one below, in your lab notebook.
   1. Take your pulse within the first 5 minutes of waking up.
   2. While taking your pulse, you should either still be lying down or have just sat up in bed. Make sure to take your pulse before you get out of bed.
   3. You might want to put your stopwatch, lab notebook, and a pen next to your bed the night before so that you have all the equipment you need the next morning to take your pulse without getting out of bed.
2. Choose four more times of day to take your pulse. Try to pick things that you do at a similar time every day so that it will be easy for you to repeat the pattern again each day. Try to space out the activities you are measuring over the whole day.
   1. Two of the activities should be quiet activities. Some examples are:
      • Reading a book
      • Playing a board game or computer game
      • Watching TV
      • Eating a meal or a snack
      • Riding in the car
      • Drawing, painting, or working on some other art project
   2. Two of the times should be while you are doing physically active tasks. Some examples are:
      • Running around at recess
      • Playing a sport
      • Dancing to music
      • Jumping rope
      • Climbing, running, or jumping at the playground
      • Actively playing with your friends, parents, or siblings
   3. Make sure to record what you were doing, what time of day you were doing it, and your pulse rate each time in a data table in your lab notebook.
3. Take your pulse just before you go to sleep, while you are lying or sitting in your bed. Record the data in your lab notebook.

   Day	Time of Day	Activity	Pulse (beats per 10 seconds)	Heart Rate (bpm)
   Day 1		Waking up

4. Repeat steps 1-3 on two more days for a total of three days' worth of data (each with six activities). Try to make the three days as similar as possible, doing the same activities at the same times of day.

Analyze the Data

1. Using Equation 1, change your pulse data into heart rate data for each time of day and activity. Record the heart rate data in the data table in your lab notebook.
2. Make a line graph showing your heart rate data.
   1. You can make the graph by hand or use a website like Create a Graph to make the graph on the computer and print it.
   2. Put the heart rate data on the y-axis. Label your activity and the time of day on the x-axis.
   3. Make one line for each day's worth of data.
3. Look at the three lines representing your data. Do they follow the same pattern? When was your heart rate the lowest? What activity made your heart beat the fastest?

Variations

• How does age affect heart rate? Compare the heart rates of children and adults. Hint: Make sure you're only testing healthy, physically fit people or your data will reflect health more than age.
• A person is exercising when they are using at least 50% of their maximum heart rate. Read up on maximum and target heart rates, then use that information to determine which of the activities you normally do qualify as exercise.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Human Biology & Health Project Ideas.

Credits

Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies

Last edit date: 2008-09-15 12:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Human Biology & Health.

	Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technician Doctor's need information to decide if a person is healthy or sick, if a baby's earache is bacterial or viral, or if the man next door needs medication to lower his cholesterol and prevent a heart attack. The information often comes in the form of results from lab tests. Medical and clinical laboratory technicians are the people who perform these routine medical laboratory tests, giving the doctors the information needed to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.			Physician Physicians work to ease physical and mental suffering due to injury and disease. They diagnose medical conditions and then prescribe or administer appropriate treatments. Physicians also seek to prevent medical problems in their patients by advising preventative care. Ultimately, physicians try to help people live and feel better at every age.
	Health Educator Have you ever heard the expression "Prevention is the best medicine"? Prevention is the fundamental work of all health educators. They attempt to prevent illnesses or diseases in individuals or entire communities through education about nutrition, exercise, or other habits and behaviors. Health educators present scientific information in ways that their audience can relate to, and are sensitive to cultural differences. They are the cornerstone of the public health system, improving health and saving thousands of lives by motivating changes in behavior.			Registered Nurse Registered nurses have been called the backbone of our health-care system. Working on the front lines of medical care, they treat patients, monitor and record their condition, help establish a plan of care, educate patients or the public about a medical condition, and provide advice and emotional support to patients’ family members. Registered nurses are highly observant and detail-oriented, and are often the first to catch important and changing signs and symptoms. Many nurses specialize in one or more types of medicine, such as emergency care, hospice, labor and delivery, psychiatry, surgery, or wound care.
	Physical Therapist If you are injured in an accident, suffer a stroke, heart attack, or loss of a limb, or are born with conditions that make it difficult to move your body, then you will often be cared for by a physical therapist. Physical therapists review a patient's medical history, test and measure his or her physical condition (things like range of motion, strength, flexibility, balance, coordination, muscle function), and then develop a treatment plan to meet some physical goals. They coach, motivate, and educate the patient to follow the plan and work on therapies that will restore, maintain, or promote physical fitness and health. Physical therapists also act as advocates, bringing a patient's health needs to the attention of other workers on a patient's healthcare team, such as physicians, speech therapists, or respiratory therapists.			Audiologist On each side of your head is the auditory system, one of the most beautifully designed organs in the human body. The auditory system not only detects sound, but is closely tied to the vestibular system, which helps a person with balance, and knowing how his or her body is moving through space. Audiologists detect, diagnose, and develop treatment plans for people of all ages who have problems with hearing, balance, or spatial positioning. This important work impacts how well a person is able to communicate and function at home, school, and work.
	Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedic Emergency medical technicians and paramedics belong to a group of healthcare workers known as first responders. They are among the first people to respond to an accident or emergency, providing pre-hospital care for conditions such as heart attacks, strokes, gunshot wounds, childbirth, or falls. Although this work is physically and emotionally demanding, many emergency medical technicians and paramedics enjoy the challenges and the satisfaction of knowing their work is critical in saving lives.			Respiratory Therapist In any medical emergency, health care workers first check a patient's airway and breathing, since oxygen is the first thing needed to survive. Respiratory therapists specialize in treating airway and breathing problems. They help, for example, premature infants whose lungs are poorly developed, or children and adults with asthma or pneumonia. They also treat people who have had heart attacks or who have been in swimming or other accidents. Their critical work helps to provide the breath of life.
	Pharmacist Pharmacists are the medication experts. They advise doctors, nurses, and patients on the correct drug dosage for a patient's weight, age, health, and gender; on interactions between drugs; on side effects; on drug alternatives; on costs; and on ways to give drugs. They also dispense drugs at pharmacies, according to prescriptions, checking for dangerous drug interactions, and educating patients on how to take drugs, what reactions to watch out for, and how long it should take for drugs to work.

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