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Project Summary

Difficulty	1  –  3
Time required	Short (several days)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Very Low (under $20)
Safety	People with allergies to food coloring should not participate in this experiment.

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Objective

Determine what percentage of the population are supertasters, average tasters, and non-tasters.

Introduction

Do you hate the taste of broccoli? Or think that grapefruit is extremely bitter? If so, you may be able to blame it on your taste buds! Taste buds are sensory organs on your tongue that help you sense different flavors. Each taste bud is made up of about 150 cells, called receptors. Each receptor is best at sensing a single flavor: sweet, salty, bitter, or sour. The sum total of these sensations is the "taste" of the food.

The number of taste buds varies from person to person. People who have more taste buds are called supertasters. To supertasters, foods have much stronger flavors, which often leads to supertasters having very strong likes and dislikes for different foods. Supertasters often report that foods like broccoli, cabbage, spinach, grapefruit, and coffee taste very bitter.

The opposite of supertasters are non-tasters. Non-tasters have very few taste buds and to them, most food seems bland and unexciting. The people in the middle are average tasters. Which kind of taster do you think you are? You can find out in this science fair project by putting some blue food coloring on the tip of your tongue and counting the number of papillae there. Papillae are structures that house the taste buds. By testing a group of people (30 or more), you can determine what percentage of the population are non-tasters, supertasters, and average tasters. Which type of taster do you think is most common? Ready to find out? Then stick out your tongue and start counting!

Figure 1. In this close-up of a tongue you can see the papillae (bumps) that house the taste buds (Bladebot, 2006).

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

• Taste bud
• Receptor
• Supertaster
• Non-taster
• Average taster
• Papillae

Questions

• What are the different flavors that the receptor cells in the taste buds can sense?
• What are foods that taste especially strong or unpleasant for supertasters?

Bibliography

These websites have more information about taste, taste buds, and tongues:

• Chudler, E. (2008). That's Tasty. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/tasty.html
• Gavin, M. (2007). What Are Taste Buds? Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/taste_buds.html
• Murray, J. (2004). Taste intensity & fungiform papillae. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://faculty.uca.edu/~jmurray/baw2004/taste.pdf
• BBC Science & Nature. (n.d.). Science of supertasters. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/articles/senses/supertaster.shtml

This website offers help with creating graphs:

• National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Create a Graph. Retrieved May 14, 2008, from http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/CreateAGraph/default.aspx

To print out polar graph paper for a pie chart, visit this website:

• Incompetech. (n.d.). Polar Graph Paper pdf Generator. Retrieved May 14, 2008 from http://www.incompetech.com/graphpaper/polar/

Materials and Equipment

• Volunteers (at least 30, but the more the better); to get enough volunteers, here are some groups of people you might want to ask to participate in your science fair project: classmates, friends, family members, sports teammates, or any other group of people you have access to. Be sure none of the volunteers are sick.
• Disposable gloves; available at drugstores
• Blue food coloring
• Small disposable cups, one for each volunteer (at least 30)
• Water
• Paper-hole reinforcer, one for each volunteer (at least 30); available at office supply stores
• Flashlight
• Magnifying glass; available at most drugstores
• Lab notebook
• Compass and protractor, or polar graph paper, or a computer with Internet access

Experimental Procedure

1. Put on a pair of disposable gloves. Use a new pair for each volunteer. Have the first volunteer open his or her mouth. Place a drop of blue food coloring on the tip of his or her tongue. Do not let the food coloring tip touch the volunteer's tongue.
2. Have the volunteer take a mouthful of water, swish it around in his or her mouth, and then spit it out. Use a new cup and fresh water for each volunteer.
3. Ask the volunteer to make his or her tongue as dry as possible by swallowing a couple of times, and then ask the volunteer to stick out his or her tongue.
4. Place a paper-hole reinforcer on the tip of the volunteer's tongue, as shown in Figure 2.
5. The blue dye will stain all of the tongue, except the papillae. The papillae will look like lighter blue or pink bumps in a sea of dark blue.

   Figure 2. In this photo of a dyed tongue, the lighter-colored bumps are papillae. Black arrows point to three of the papillae. By counting the number of papillae inside the paper-hole reinforcer, you can determine if a person is a non-taster, an average taster, or a supertaster.

6. Using a flashlight and a magnifying glass, count the number of papillae within the paper-hole reinforcer. Your volunteer is finished and can remove the paper-hole reinforcer from his or her tongue.
7. Record the data in your lab notebook in a data table like the one below.

   Volunteer	# of Papillae	Type of Taster (Non-taster/Average Taster/Supertaster)

8. Repeat steps 1-7 for at least 30 people, including yourself.
9. Classify each person as a non-taster, an average taster, or a supertaster, based on how many papillae you counted for them. Record the classification in your data table.
   1. Fewer than 15 papillae is a non-taster.
   2. Between 15 and 30 papillae is an average taster.
   3. More than 30 papillae is a supertaster.
10. Calculate the percentage of people who belong in each category of taster.
    1. For example, if you tested 30 people and 15 of them were average tasters, then you would divide the number of average tasters (15) by the total number of people tested (30) and multiply by 100 to get the percentage (50 percent).
    2. If you need help calculating percentages, ask an adult for assistance.
11. Make a pie chart showing your results.
    1. You can use a compass and a protractor to draw the pie chart circle and divide it into the appropriate-sized pieces.
    2. Or you can use polar graph paper to make your pie chart. Polar graph paper is already divided into wedges, so you can just count out how many wedges you need for each category. You can buy polar graph paper at an office supply store or print it out for free from Incompetech.com.
    3. If you prefer to make your pie chart on the computer you can use the Create a Graph website to make your chart and then print it out.
12. Which type of taster is most common? Which is least common? What type of taster are you?

Variations

• Do males and females have the same likelihood of being a supertaster? Try the experiment above with an equal number of males and females (at least 15 of each, but more are better) and compare the results for the boys and girls.
• Research how different foods, like spinach, taste to the different types of tasters. Based on your background reading, can you make a taste-test to figure out who is a supertaster? Check how accurate your taste-test is by also counting the papillae for each person.
• Is there a correlation between people's weight and the type of taster they are? Are supertasters more likely to be underweight, average, or above weight? Design an experiment to find out. Hint: You might want to use the body mass index (BMI) as a way of categorizing people as underweight, average, or overweight.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Human Biology & Health Project Ideas.

Credits

Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies

This science project idea was adapted from the following resource:
Murray, J. (2004). Taste intensity & fungiform papillae. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://faculty.uca.edu/~jmurray/baw2004/taste.pdf

Last edit date: 2008-09-25 12:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might want to think about career opportunities in Human Biology & Health.

Doctor's need information to decide if a person is healthy or sick, if a baby's earache is bacterial or viral, or if the man next door needs medication to lower his cholesterol and prevent a heart attack. The information often comes in the form of results from lab tests. Medical and clinical laboratory technicians are the people who perform these routine medical laboratory tests, giving the doctors the information needed to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. Learn more about this career: Medical & Clinical Laboratory Technician.