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Project Summary

Difficulty	6
Time required	Average (about one week)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Low ($20 - $50)
Safety	Adult supervision recommended for cutting wax.

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to measure the relative intensity of different light bulbs, using a simple photometer that you can build yourself.

Introduction

As you move away from a light source, the light gets dimmer. No doubt you've noticed this with reading lamps, streetlights, and so on. The diagram at right shows what is happening with a picture. At the center, the yellow star represents a point source of light. Imagine the light from the star spreading out into empty space in all directions. Now imagine the light that falls on a square at some arbitrary distance from the star (d = 1, yellow square). Move away, doubling the distance from the star (d = 2). The light from the original square has now "spread out" over an area of 4 (= 2²) squares. Thus, at twice the original distance, the intensity of the light passing through a single square will be 1/4 of the original intensity. Going out still further, tripling the original distance (d = 3), and the light from the original square now covers an area of 9 (= 3²) squares. Thus, at three times the original distance, the intensity of the light passing through a single square will be 1/9 of the original intensity. This is what is meant by the "Inverse Square Law." As you move away from a point light source, the intensity of the light is proportional to 1/d², the inverse square of the distance. Because the same geometry applies to many other physical phenomena (sound, gravity, electrostatic interactions), the inverse square law has significance for many problems in physics.

In this project you'll build a simple photometer, invented by the Irish scientist, John Joly. As you'll see, the design of the photometer is based on the inverse square law. In the Joly photometer, two equal-sized blocks of paraffin wax are separated by a layer of aluminum foil. The wax blocks are mounted in a box with windows cut out on the left, front, and right sides, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Diagram of a Joly photometer. Inside the box are two equal-sized blocks of paraffin wax, separated by a sheet of aluminum foil.

The photometer is positioned between two light sources (see Figure 2). The two light sources and the center of the photometer should all be at the same height. Light from the first source illuminates the left-hand paraffin block. Light from the second source illuminates the right-hand paraffin block. To insure uniform illumination, the distance from each light source to the photometer should be relatively large compared to the size of the wax block. Also, there should be no other light sources in the room. The experimenter views the photometer through the front window and moves it back and forth between the two light sources until both blocks appear equally bright. The photometer should be moved along an imaginary straight line connecting the two light sources.

Figure 2. schematic diagram of Joly photometer experimental setup. See text for details.

When the two wax blocks are equally illuminated, the relationship between the intensities of the two light sources is determined by the inverse square law. Here is the relationship in the form of an equation:

You can build your own Joly photometer and use it to measure the relative intensity of different light bulbs. Using the wattage of each bulb, you can also compare how efficient different bulbs are at producing light.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• inverse square law,
• incandescent light bulbs,
• compact fluorescent light bulbs,
• photometer.

Questions

• How do incandescent light bulbs work?
• How do incandescent light bulbs wear out?
• How do compact fluorescent light bulbs work?
• How do incandescent light bulbs wear out?
• Which type of bulb lasts longer?
• Which type of bulb is more efficient at producing light?

Bibliography

• For information on the inverse square law, see:
  • Exploratorium, date unknown. "Inverse Square Law," Exploratorium Science Snacks [accessed March 7, 2006] http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/inverse_square_law.html.
  • Henderson, T., 2004. "Inverse Square Law," The Physics Classroom, Glenbrook South High School, Glenview, IL [accessed March 7, 2006] http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/estatics/u8l3c.html.
• To learn more about John Joly, the inventor of the Joly photometer, check out this article:
  Weaire, D. and S. Coonan, 2001. "The Parrot, the Pince-nez and the Pleochroic Halo," Europhysics News 32 (2), available online at [accessed March 7, 2007] http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article2/article2.html.
• This project is based on:
  Elfick, J., 2007. "School Science Lessons: Physics: 2.2.4 Light Bulb Brightness, Joly Photometer," School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia [accessed March 7, 2006] http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/UNPh02.html#2.2.4.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• 1 lb. box of paraffin wax (contains 4 slabs),
• sharp knife for cutting wax,
• aluminum foil,
• small cardboard box,
• scissors,
• two identical light fixtures (e.g., clamp-on work lamp),
• measuring tape,
• various light bulbs to test.

Experimental Procedure

Building the Photometer

1. You should be able to find one-pound boxes of paraffin wax at your local grocery or hardware store. Each box contains four slabs of paraffin wax.
2. Cut one slab of the wax in half with a sharp knife. Work carefully so that you don't chip or break the slab.

3. Cut a piece of aluminum foil to the same size as your two blocks of wax, and place it in between them.

4. Use tape and small pieces of cardboard to mount the wax blocks inside a small cardboard box, with windows cut on three sides, as in the diagram below.

Experimental Setup

1. The illustration below is a schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

2. Place the photometer in between two light sources.
   1. Each wax block is illuminated by only one of the sources. The aluminum foil prevents light from passing between the blocks.
   2. The light sources and the photometer should be at the same height.
   3. The photometer should be positioned on the straight line between the two sources.
   4. The two light sources should be the only sources of light in the room. No bright sunlight!
   5. To insure uniformity of illumination at the photometer, the distance from the photometer to the nearest light source should be large compared to the size of the wax block.
3. Move the photometer back and forth between the two light sources until the the two wax blocks are equally bright.

Analyzing Your Results

1. When the wax blocks are equally illuminated, the inverse square law says that the intensities of the two light sources are related by the following equation:

2. Choose one light bulb as your standard, for example, a 60 W soft white bulb. Call this light I₁. The intensity of the second light is then given by:

3. Measure the distance from each light source to the aluminum foil layer of the Joly photometer.
4. Calculate the relative intensity of each bulb compared to your standard bulb. (Your standard bulb will have an intensity of 1.0. You can check this by using two identical bulbs. It's a good way to show that your photometer works as expected.)
5. To calculate the efficiency of each bulb, divide the relative intensity by the bulb wattage.

Variations

• Compare the output of incandescent vs. compact fluorescent bulbs. Using your measurements, can you figure out how to compare the cost of using each type of bulb in order to provide an equal amount of light? Your cost comparision should include the cost to purchase each bulb, the cost of electricity for each bulb, and the lifetime of each bulb.
• Compare the output of "long-life" bulbs vs. normal incandescent bulbs. Many long-life bulbs are designed to run at higher voltage (e.g., 130 V) than is normally supplied from the wall socket (115 V in the U.S.). When run at normal house voltage, these bulbs do not get as hot as they would at 130 V, which means that they last longer. You can use your photoometer to find out what effect the lower voltage has on the light output for these bulbs. Are they more or less efficient than normal bulbs?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Physics Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

This project is based on:

• Elfick, J., 2007. "School Science Lessons: Physics: 2.2.4 Light Bulb Brightness, Joly Photometer," School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia [accessed March 7, 2006] http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/UNPh02.html#2.2.4.

Last edit date: 2007-04-12 14:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Physics.

Physicist Physicists have a big goal in mind—to understand the nature of the entire universe and everything in it! To reach that goal, they observe and measure natural events seen on Earth and in the universe, and then develop theories, using mathematics, to explain why those phenomena occur. Physicists take on the challenge of explaining events that happen on the grandest scale imaginable to those that happen at the level of the smallest atomic particles. Their theories are then applied to human-scale projects to bring people new technologies, like computers, lasers, and fusion energy.

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