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Project Summary

Difficulty	7
Time required	Average (about one week)
Prerequisites	Wood shop experience is helpful for this project.
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Average ($50 - $100)
Safety	Adult supervision required

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to measure the maximum intermediate height that siphon can achieve and remain functioning.

Introduction

If you've ever had to clean out a fish tank, you know the practical value of a siphon. A siphon allows you to drain water from a higher reservoir to a lower one, using a tube that goes up and over the edge of the higher reservoir, then down to the lower one (see Figure 1, below). You can initiate the siphon by applying negative pressure to the lower end of the tube (in other words, sucking on it like a straw). Once the siphon has started, the water will keep flowing on its own.

Figure 1. Illustration of the siphon principle. A closed tube allows water to be drained to a lower reservoir from a higher reservoir. Within the tube, the water level exceeds the height of the higher reservoir. A siphon is usually initiated by applying negative pressure to the lower end of the tube. Once the water is flowing, the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet drives the water through the uphill section of the siphon.

For part of the trip, the water flows "uphill" through the tube. How can this be? When you suck on the tube, you create a partial vacuum (lower pressure) inside the tube. Normal air pressure, pushing down on the surface of the liquid in the reservoir, then forces some liquid up into the tube. As soon as the water inside the tube reaches the crest and starts flowing "downhill" to the lower reservoir, the flow keeps going on its own. Now the flowing water itself is creating the lower pressure at the drain end of the tube.

An interesting question to ask is: "How high can the crest of the siphon tube be before the siphon fails and the water stops flowing?" This project is designed to answer that question.

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• Siphon
• Atmospheric pressure
• Gravity
• Partial vacuum

Questions

• How does a siphon allow water to flow "uphill"?

Bibliography

• Here are some good sources to get you started on researching siphons:
  
  • Wikipedia contributors, 2007. "Siphon," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [accessed July 26, 2007] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siphon&oldid=144143956.
  • Adams, C., 2001. "How Does a Siphon Work?" The Straight Dope®, Chicago Reader Online [accessed July 26, 2007] http://www.straightdope.com/columns/010105.html.
• For information on atmospheric pressure, try these references:
  
  • Sample, S., 2003. "Atmospheric Pressure: The Force Exerted by the Weight of Air," National Aeronautics and Space Administration [accessed July 26, 2007] http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/air_pressure/index.html.
  • Wikipedia contributors, 2007. "Atmospheric Pressure," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [accessed July 26, 2007] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_pressure&oldid=146041218.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• 2 large buckets: 5 gallon (19 L) size works well
• Sturdy table (for raising height of one bucket)
• 22 m of clear tubing
• Water
• Food coloring
• Two pulleys (one large, one small)
• Attachment hardware (e.g., a wood screw) for the small pulley
• 22 m of heavy string or twine
• ~10 m tall support for pulleys
  • One idea is to attach a pulley support to a second-floor balcony.
  • Another idea is to construct a 10 m long pole from several pieces of 2" ×4" lumber. The pieces can either be glued or screwed together with lap joints (overlapping sections). The pole will need to be attached firmly to some external support.
• 10 m (or greater) tape measure

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research so that you are familiar with the terms, concepts, and questions, above.
2. Figure 2 below shows the essentials of the experimental apparatus for this project.

   Figure 2. Diagram of the experimental apparatus.

   1. The source bucket (bucket 1) must be higher the outlet bucket (bucket 2).
   2. The source bucket should always contain the same amount of water at the start of each test. Draw a "fill-to" line inside the bucket to make it easy to start with the same water level.
   3. Attach the string securely to the large pulley, then pass the string over the small pulley as shown. The string can now be used to raise or lower the large pulley.
   4. Pass the tubing over the large pulley so that the tubing can be raised or lowered as desired.
   5. Attach the inlet end of the tubing firmly to the side of the source bucket, so that the opening is near the bottom of the bucket.
   6. Tip: if you add food coloring to the water it will make it easier to see whether or not it is flowing through the tube.
   7. Tip: always start with the same amount of water in the source bucket.
3. Apply negative pressure to the outlet end of the tubing to get the siphon started.
4. Measure the time it takes to siphon a standard amount of water (e.g., two liters) from the source bucket to the outlet bucket.
5. Use the string to raise the tubing to successively higher intermediate heights. Repeat the flow rate measurement at each height. Make at least three measurements (more is better) at each height.
6. Calculate the average flow rate for each height.
7. More advanced students should also calculate the standard deviation.
8. At what height did the siphon stop working?

Variations

• What happens if you use a different starting height for the source bucket?
• What happens if you change the water level in the source bucket?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Physics Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

This idea for this project is from an entry to the 2007 San Mateo County Science Fair, "Siphoning: What Is the Maximum Height Achievable?" (project authors not identified).

Last edit date: 2007-10-11 14:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Physics.

	Physicist Physicists have a big goal in mind—to understand the nature of the entire universe and everything in it! To reach that goal, they observe and measure natural events seen on Earth and in the universe, and then develop theories, using mathematics, to explain why those phenomena occur. Physicists take on the challenge of explaining events that happen on the grandest scale imaginable to those that happen at the level of the smallest atomic particles. Their theories are then applied to human-scale projects to bring people new technologies, like computers, lasers, and fusion energy.			Nuclear Monitoring Technician Nuclear technology is used to image the human body, destroy cancer cells, sterilize food and medical equipment, create pest or drought-resistant seeds, and to generate power for 1 in 5 U.S. homes and businesses. Nuclear monitoring technicians help to keep the people who work with nuclear technology and the environment safe from excessive radiation exposure. They use special instruments to measure and monitor the radiation levels of workers, work areas and equipment, and they are involved in decontaminating work areas to safe levels. They also educate workers on radiation safety.
	Nuclear Medicine Technologist Many traditional medical imaging methods, like X-rays, can take pictures of certain parts inside the body, but sometimes these methods are not sensitive enough to detect a problem, or a picture is not enough—the doctor needs to see how a part is functioning, not just how it looks. That’s where nuclear medicine comes in. It can be used to see, for example, if bone repair is going on in a certain area, how a kidney is functioning, how a stomach is emptying, or how blood is flowing into and out of a heart. It can also be used to treat certain diseases. Nuclear medicine technologists are the special healthcare workers who administer radioactive drugs, take images of the patient, and then process, analyze, and show the computer images to the doctor.			Forensic Science Technician Guilty or not guilty? The fate of the accused in court lies with the evidence gathered at the crime scene. The job of the forensic science technician is to gather evidence and use scientific principles and techniques to make sense of it. It can be a grueling and graphic job, but very rewarding. If you like the idea of using science to help deliver justice, then you should investigate this career.

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