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Project Summary

Difficulty	5  –  6
Time required	Very Short (a day or less)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Low ($20 - $50)
Safety	No issues

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to determine the fastest method to cool a can of soda starting at room temperature.

Introduction

This project is all about heat transfer. How can you cool off a can of soda to take it from room temperature down to a nice, cold, drinkable temperature quickly, with materials that are readily available in your house?

Sure, you could put the soda in the refrigerator, but you probably know from experience that it's going to take awhile to get really cold that way. Maybe more time than you're willing to wait on a hot summer day. You could also try the freezer, since it's colder, it may cool faster than the fridge. What else could you try? How about putting the soda on ice, or immersing it in an ice-water bath? Which method do you think would be most efficient at cooling a soda?

In order to get the most out of this project, you will need to do some background research on heat and heat transfer. Here is a quick summary, so that you can be familiar with the terms you will encounter. All matter is made of atoms and molecules that are constantly in motion. Even in solids, the molecules are constantly vibrating. Heat is a measure of the average molecular motion of matter. Heat can be transferred from one piece of matter to another by four different methods:

• Conduction
• Convection
• Evaporation
• Radiation

Conduction is heat transfer by direct molecular interactions, without mass movement of matter. For example, when you pour hot water into a cup, the cup soon feels warm. The water molecules colliding with the inside surface of the cup transfer energy to the cup, warming it up.

Convection is heat transfer by mass movement. You've probably heard the saying that "hot air rises." This happens because it is less dense than colder air. As the hot air rises, it creates currents of air flow. These circulating currents serve to transfer heat, and are an example of convection.

Evaporation is another method of heat transfer. When molecules of a liquid vaporize, they escape from the liquid into the atmosphere. This transition requires energy, since a molecule in the vapor phase has more energy than a molecule in the liquid phase. Thus, as molecules evaporate from a liquid, they take away energy from the liquid, cooling it.

Radiation is the final way to transfer heat. For most objects you encounter every day, this would be infrared radiation: light beyond the visible spectrum. Incandescent objects—like light bulb filaments, molten metal, or the sun— radiate at visible wavelengths as well.

In both the freezer and the refrigerator, cold air is removing heat from the room-temperature soda can by convection. (There is also a small amount of heat loss via conduction, where the can is in direct contact with the shelf.) The molecules in a gas, such as air, are spread out over a much larger volume than molecules in a liquid. In other words, air (at standard temperature and pressure) is much less dense than water. If you immerse the can of soda in a cold liquid, then, you would expect that a much greater number of molecular interactions would result. Will the soda cool off faster as a result?

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• Kinetic theory of matter
• Heat
• Heat transfer
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Evaporation
  • Radiation

Questions

• How does the kinetic theory of matter relate to heat transfer?
• How does a refrigerator or freezer work to keep things cold?
• Which do you think would be more efficient for cooling: a mass of cold air, or a mass of cold water?

Bibliography

• These sites have information on heat and heat transfer:
  
  • Hand, J., date unknown. "Convection, Conduction, and Radiation," Mansfield Middle School, Storrs, CT [accessed August 16, 2007] http://www.mansfieldct.org/schools/mms/staff/hand/convcondrad.htm.
  • Hand, J., date unknown. "How Atoms and Molecules Are Affected by Heat," Mansfield Middle School, Storrs, CT [accessed August 16, 2007] http://www.mansfieldct.org/schools/mms/staff/hand/atomsheat.htm.
• It's always a good idea to understand your experimental apparatus. Since you'll be using a refrigerator/freezer for your experiment, you should know how they work:
  • HowStuffWorks, Inc., 2007. "How Does a Frost-Free Refrigerator Work?" HowStuffWorks.com [accessed August 16, 2007] http://home.howstuffworks.com/question144.htm.
  • CEC, 2006. "How Does a Refrigerator Work?" California Energy Commission [accessed August 16, 2007] http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/refrigerator.html.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• 12 cans of soda at room temperature
• Instant-read digital thermometer
• Two styrofoam coolers
• Ice cubes
• Water
• Clock or timer
• Plastic wrap

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions, above.
2. Prepare an ice-only bath by adding enough ice to a styrofoam cooler to completeley cover three cans of soda.
3. Prepare an ice-water bath by adding the same amount of ice to a second styrofoam cooler, then covering the ice with water.
4. Use the instant read thermometer to measure the starting temperatures of:
   • the freezer compartment,
   • the refrigerator,
   • the ice-only bath,
   • the ice-water bath, and
   • each room-temperature can of soda. You'll need to open the cans of soda to take the temperature of the liquid inside. To minimize evaporation, cover the opening with a wad of plastic wrap after taking the temperature.

   In each case, make sure that the temperature has stabilized before recording the result. For example, it may take a minute or two before the ice-water temperature reaches equilibrium when the water is first added to the ice.

5. Place three cans of soda in each of the cooling devices to be tested, i.e.:
   • The freezer compartment
   • The refrigerator
   • The ice-only bath
   • The ice-water bath
6. Note the starting time for each cooling device.
7. At regular intervals (e.g., every 5 minutes), quickly remove each set of cans from their cooling device and measure the temperature of the soda. Note the time and temperature reading, then quickly put the cans back in the cooling device. Tips:
   • Minimize the amount of time that the refrigerator and freezer doors are open.
   • It is a good idea to periodically re-check the temperatures of the cooling devices.
8. The experiment is complete when the temperature reading of the soda stabilizes.
9. For each cooling device, calculate the average temperature of the three soda cans for each time point.
10. Make a graph of the average temperature of the soda (y-axis) vs. elapsed time (in minutes) since the beginning of the experiment. Use a different symbol and color for each cooling device.
11. Which cooling method worked the fastest?

Variations

• You can lower the temperature of ice water by adding salt (see the Science Buddies project Chemistry of Ice-Cream Making: Lowering the Freezing Point of Water). Does adding salt to the ice water cool the soda faster?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Physics Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

This project was based on an entry to the 2007 San Mateo County Science Fair (project authors names not shown).

Last edit date: 2007-10-12 13:30:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Physics.

	Physicist Physicists have a big goal in mind—to understand the nature of the entire universe and everything in it! To reach that goal, they observe and measure natural events seen on Earth and in the universe, and then develop theories, using mathematics, to explain why those phenomena occur. Physicists take on the challenge of explaining events that happen on the grandest scale imaginable to those that happen at the level of the smallest atomic particles. Their theories are then applied to human-scale projects to bring people new technologies, like computers, lasers, and fusion energy.			Nuclear Monitoring Technician Nuclear technology is used to image the human body, destroy cancer cells, sterilize food and medical equipment, create pest or drought-resistant seeds, and to generate power for 1 in 5 U.S. homes and businesses. Nuclear monitoring technicians help to keep the people who work with nuclear technology and the environment safe from excessive radiation exposure. They use special instruments to measure and monitor the radiation levels of workers, work areas and equipment, and they are involved in decontaminating work areas to safe levels. They also educate workers on radiation safety.
	Nuclear Medicine Technologist Many traditional medical imaging methods, like X-rays, can take pictures of certain parts inside the body, but sometimes these methods are not sensitive enough to detect a problem, or a picture is not enough—the doctor needs to see how a part is functioning, not just how it looks. That’s where nuclear medicine comes in. It can be used to see, for example, if bone repair is going on in a certain area, how a kidney is functioning, how a stomach is emptying, or how blood is flowing into and out of a heart. It can also be used to treat certain diseases. Nuclear medicine technologists are the special healthcare workers who administer radioactive drugs, take images of the patient, and then process, analyze, and show the computer images to the doctor.			Forensic Science Technician Guilty or not guilty? The fate of the accused in court lies with the evidence gathered at the crime scene. The job of the forensic science technician is to gather evidence and use scientific principles and techniques to make sense of it. It can be a grueling and graphic job, but very rewarding. If you like the idea of using science to help deliver justice, then you should investigate this career.

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