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Project Summary

Difficulty	6  –  8
Time required	Average (about one week)
Prerequisites	Experience building mechanical devices is helpful for this project.
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Average ($50 - $100)
Safety	Adult supervision required.

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Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to determine which launch angle results in the greatest distance for a projectile.

Introduction

This project is about projectile motion, specifically, how the launch angle affects the distance that a projectile will travel. You'll build a spring-powered mechanical launcher using pieces of PVC pipe, a wood frame, and fastening hardware, so this is a project for someone who is handy with tools.

Before you start designing and building your launcher, you should do some background research on the physics of projectile motion. The Bibliography section has some good resources to get you started. Think about the forces that act on a projectile in flight, and make a prediction about the launch angle that will result in the longest flights. The student-written "Water Balloons" site (Terrence and Jason, 1996) has a great balloon-launching simulation that you can use to make some preliminary tests.

To test your hypothesis in the real world, you'll want a launcher that will make it easy to change the launch angle while keeping the other variables (e.g., projectile mass, force used to launch the projectile) constant. The instructions below will assist you with your design. Remember to have an adult present when you do the test launches to make sure that they are done safely. Then it's bomb's away and may the best launch angle win!

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• Mass
• Velocity
• Range
• Launch angle
• Gravity
• Projectile motion

Questions

• What forces act on a projectile in flight?

Bibliography

• This is a good, student-written, introduction to the history and physics of projectile motion:
  Terrence and Jason, 1996. "Water Balloons: The Physics of Projectile Motion," ThinkQuest Library [accessed September 17, 2007] http://library.thinkquest.org/2779/.
• This is a high-school level tutorial on the physics of projectile motion:
  Henderson, T., 2004. "Projectile Motion," The Physics Classroom and MathSoft Engineering [accessed September 17, 2007] http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/vectors/U3L2a.html.
• This webpage has information on the mathematics of projectile motion:
  Nave, C.R., 2006. "Trajectories," HyperPhysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University [accessed September 17, 2007] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/traj.html.
• A fun website with some cool animations:
  Zobel, E.A., 2006. "Projectile Motion," Zona Land, Education in Physics and Mathematics [accessed September 17, 2007] http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/meachanics/curvedMotion/projectileMotion/projectileMotion.html.

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• 1-1/2 in diameter PVC pipe (main body of launcher), 75 cm length
• 1 in diameter PVC pipe (launcher barrel), 45 cm length
• Wooden dowel, 77 cm length, diameter to fit inside plastic sleeve
• 9/16" ball bearings (projectile)
• 2 U-bolts with nuts and washers for attaching launcher to launch frame
• Spring (fits over dowel, provide driving force, 20 Newtons)
• Large washer (attach to dowel to push against spring, must fit inside launcher barrel)
• Wood screws (to hold washer in place)
• Copper sleeve (to keep launcher barrel fixed inside main body)
• Plastic sleeve (to keep dowel from wobbling in barrel)
• Pipe cap with hole (allows ball bearing to be launched, but holds dowel inside the barrel)
• 1 in × 4 in lumber for launcher frame (approx. 8 ft required)
• Hinge and wood screws for mounting
• PVC cement
• Tools:
  • Drill and bits
  • Saw
  • PVC pipe cutter
  • Screw driver
  • Tape measure
  • Protractor

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions, above.
2. The illustration below shows an example of the kind of launcher you can build for this project.

   The projectile launcher is made from PVC pipe mounted on a wood frame. The frame is hinged at the base so that the launch angle can be easily adjusted.

   1. The launcher is made from PVC tubing. An outer tube (1-1/2 in diameter) is attached to the wood frame using two U-bolts. (Note: it should also be possible to omit the outer tube and attach the barrel directly to the frame.)
   2. The barrel of the launcher is the inner tube of PVC (1 in diameter). It fits inside the outer tube, held snugly in place with some short lengths of copper sleeve.
   3. A wooden dowel is placed inside the barrel, with a large washer attached near the midpoint, and a spring around the dowel below the washer. A string is firmly attached to the dowel in order to pull against the spring to "cock" the launcher.
   4. The lower end of the outer tube is covered with a PVC cap, cemented in place. The cap is drilled so that the dowel passes through, but not the spring (see detail photo, below).

      Detail view of the base end of the projectile launcher. A PVC cap holds the spring in place inside the barrel. The dowel passes through a hole in the cap. The string is used to pull the dowel back against the spring to "cock" the launcher.

   5. The launcher frame can be fashioned from 1 in × 4 in lumber and a hinge.
   6. Prop the frame open with short pieces of 1 × 4 to achieve different launch angles.
3. Be safe when using the launcher!
   1. The apparatus described for this experiment should only be operated with adult supervision.
   2. Injury is possible if adequate safety precautions are not followed.
   3. Make sure no one is near the projectile's path!
   4. Test fire with only partial spring compression, and build up gradually to full power to make sure that you have sufficient space.
4. Measure the distance that the ball bearing travels for several different angles, e.g. 15°, 30°, 40°, 45°, 50°, and 60°.
   1. Use at least 10 trials for each angle.
   2. Use the same spring compression for every shot, i.e., pull the dowel back the same distance each time.
   3. Use the same projectile for each test.
5. Calculate the average distance traveled for each angle.
6. More advanced students should also calculate the standard deviation of the distance traveled for each angle.
7. Which launch angle resulted in the greatest distance traveled?

Variations

• You could extend the experiment by testing additional launch angles.
• How does the mass of the projectile affect the distance it will travel, when the same force and launch angle are used? Design an experiment to find out.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Physics Project Ideas.

Credits

Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Sources

This project is based on an entry to the 2007 Monterey County Science Fair:
Freedman, D. and T. Winick, 2007. "Calculating a Projectile's Trajectory."

Last edit date: 2007-10-11 17:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Physics.

	Physicist Physicists have a big goal in mind—to understand the nature of the entire universe and everything in it! To reach that goal, they observe and measure natural events seen on Earth and in the universe, and then develop theories, using mathematics, to explain why those phenomena occur. Physicists take on the challenge of explaining events that happen on the grandest scale imaginable to those that happen at the level of the smallest atomic particles. Their theories are then applied to human-scale projects to bring people new technologies, like computers, lasers, and fusion energy.			Nuclear Monitoring Technician Nuclear technology is used to image the human body, destroy cancer cells, sterilize food and medical equipment, create pest or drought-resistant seeds, and to generate power for 1 in 5 U.S. homes and businesses. Nuclear monitoring technicians help to keep the people who work with nuclear technology and the environment safe from excessive radiation exposure. They use special instruments to measure and monitor the radiation levels of workers, work areas and equipment, and they are involved in decontaminating work areas to safe levels. They also educate workers on radiation safety.
	Nuclear Medicine Technologist Many traditional medical imaging methods, like X-rays, can take pictures of certain parts inside the body, but sometimes these methods are not sensitive enough to detect a problem, or a picture is not enough—the doctor needs to see how a part is functioning, not just how it looks. That’s where nuclear medicine comes in. It can be used to see, for example, if bone repair is going on in a certain area, how a kidney is functioning, how a stomach is emptying, or how blood is flowing into and out of a heart. It can also be used to treat certain diseases. Nuclear medicine technologists are the special healthcare workers who administer radioactive drugs, take images of the patient, and then process, analyze, and show the computer images to the doctor.			Forensic Science Technician Guilty or not guilty? The fate of the accused in court lies with the evidence gathered at the crime scene. The job of the forensic science technician is to gather evidence and use scientific principles and techniques to make sense of it. It can be a grueling and graphic job, but very rewarding. If you like the idea of using science to help deliver justice, then you should investigate this career.

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