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Project Summary

Difficulty	1
Time required	Average (about one week)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	The magnets needed for this experiment can be bought online from science supply stores.
Cost	Very Low (under $20)
Safety	When placed next to one another in certain configurations, magnets are attracted and can move toward one another, so be careful not to get your fingers pinched between the magnets.

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Abstract

Objective

In this science project you'll discover how to place magnets so they either attract or repel one another and then use that information to levitate a magnet.

Introduction

Imagine people's surprise when they came across the first magnet! It must have seemed like a magic stone to them—able to make tiny pieces of iron rise up and slide around by some invisible force. The earliest records of magnets are from the Chinese and the Greeks who both wrote of lodestones, which are naturally occurring stones that attract iron. Today we know that lodestones contain magnetite, a naturally occurring magnetic material. Through experimentation and observation, both the Chinese and the Greeks eventually began to use these magnetic lodestones to make compasses to use for navigation at sea. But it took until the 1600's before major scientific understanding of magnets occurred. And scientists are still discovering more and more about magnetic principles today!

One of the most basic and important features of magnets is that when allowed to rotate freely on a piece of string, they always align themselves so that one end faces the North Pole and the other end faces the South Pole, these two ends are referred to as the north and south poles of the magnet. They can also be called the positive and negative poles. By aligning the poles of two magnets in different combinations, the magnets will either be attracted, (pulled closer to one another) or repelled (pushed farther apart from one another).

Magnets are used in a wide variety of household objects, including headphones, televisions, computer disks, and refrigerator magnets. Recently, engineers have used magnets to create maglev (short for magnetic levitation) trains. These maglev trains use the attractive and repellant nature of magnets to levitate or "float" above the tracks, rather than use wheels. The first commercial high-speed maglev train, located in Shanghai, China, began transporting people in December of 2003. It averages 250 miles per hour!

In this science project you'll conduct two experiments. In the first experiment you'll discover how to place two magnets in order to create a repellant force and an attractive force. Then you'll use that information in a second experiment to make your own magnetic levitation system.

Figure 1. This maglev train in Shanghai, China uses magnets to levitate above the tracks and travels an average of 250 miles per hour!

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

• Magnet
• Force
• North or positive pole
• South or negative pole
• Attract
• Repel
• Maglev train
• Levitation

Questions

• What do magnets do?
• How are magnets used in everyday life?

Bibliography

These websites contain general information about magnets and what they are used for.

• Canallaw Online. (2004, December 3). Magnets. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from http://www.canllaw-online.com/fe/news/news_details.asp?NewsID=3467
• Magcraft. (n.d.). Magnet Basics. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from http://my.execpc.com/~rhoadley/magreview.htm

• Bonsor, K. (2000, October 13). How Maglev Trains Work. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/maglev-train.htm

Materials and Equipment

• Bar magnet with north and south poles labeled (2); these can be ordered online from science supply stores like Edmund Scientific, product #: 3037908, and Science Kit & Boreal Lab product #: WW4799902.
• Ring magnets (2); sets of ring magnets can be ordered online from science supply stores like Edmund Scientific, product #: 3052375, and Science Kit & Boreal Lab product #: WW4772500.
• Permanent marker
• Pencil
• Spool of thread, Play-Doh®, or some other object that can be used as a stand for holding the pencil upright.
• Lab notebook

Experimental Procedure

Remember to be careful when using the magnets so you don't get your fingers pinched between two magnets that are attracted to one another.

Determining Which Poles Attract and Repel One Another

1. Place the two bar magnets on a table. Examine both ends of the bar magnets, you'll notice that one end of each magnet is labeled "north" or "N," and the other end is labeled "south" or "S." Bring the north pole of the first magnet close to the north pole of the second magnet. Do the two north poles attract or repel? Make a data table, like the one below, in your lab notebook and record your observations.
2. Using the same technique, try all the different combinations of poles and record your observations in your data table.

   Pole Type of 1st Magnet	Pole Type of 2nd Magnet	Attract or Repel
   North	North
   North	South
   South	North
   South	South

3. Look at your data table. What conclusions can you make? Do like (which also means the same) poles attract or repel? What about opposite poles?

Levitating a Ring Magnet

1. From your experiments with the bar magnets, you now know how the poles of two magnets behave when you bring them close to one another. Use that information to determine which is the north pole and which is the south pole for your ring magnets.
   1. Bring the flat side of one of the ring magnets close to the north pole of a bar magnet. Is the ring magnet attracted to or repelled from the bar magnet? Based on that observation, is the side of the ring magnet you chose the north or south pole? Using the permanent marker, label that side either "N" for north or "S" for south. Be careful not to get the ink on anything else, it'll stain!
   2. Repeat these steps in order to label the north and south poles of the second ring magnet.
2. Once you have the north and south poles of two ring magnets labeled, you are ready to determine the conditions under which you can achieve magnetic levitation.
   1. First you need to make the holder for the ring magnets.
      • Place the pencil in the hole of the spool of thread, or in a lump of Play-Doh, so that it stands up vertically. Make sure the pointy tip of the pencil is pointing down so you don't poke yourself.
   2. Slide one ring magnet onto the pencil, with the north pole facing the ceiling. It will fall to the base of the holder.
   3. Slide the second ring magnet onto the pencil so that the north pole of the second magnet faces the north pole of the first magnet. What happens? Does the second magnet levitate? Record your observations in a data table, like the one below, in your lab notebook.
   4. Remove the ring magnets from the stand and repeat steps 5b and 5c using all the possible combinations for north and south poles of both magnets. Record your observations in your data table.

   Pole Type of 1st Magnet	Pole Type of 2nd Magnet	Levitation of 2nd Magnet (Yes or No)
   North	North
   North	South
   South	North
   South	South

3. Look at your data table. Under which conditions does the second magnet levitate? Are the conditions for levitation the same as the conditions that caused the bar magnets to be attracted or repelled?

Variations

Magnets are fascinating and have endless properties to explore. Here are a couple more ideas you can investigate with your magnets.

• Can you use a magnetic compass to determine which end of a magnet is the north pole and which is the south pole? Design an experiment to find out. Hint: Use the bar magnets, which already have their poles labeled, so you can interpret your observations.
• Did you know that you can make a temporary magnet out of a nail? Using a bar magnet, stroke the nail 30 times, in the same direction each time. Now can you use the nail to pick up staples? How many? What happens if you stroke the nail more times? Does it become a stronger magnet? Use the staples to find out.
• If you break a magnet in half, can you get a magnet with two south poles or two north poles? Use a magnet designed to be broken, like product #: WW6234500 from Science Kit & Boreal Lab, or make your own temporary magnet from a wire paperclip and use wire cutters to break the magnet into smaller pieces. Hint: to learn how to make a temporary magnet, read "Variation" # 2.
• Electromagnets are magnets that can be turned on and off by turning the current on and off. For a fun science project about making electromagnets, try Magnets and Charge.

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Physics Project Ideas.

Credits

Sonali Mukherjee, Seagate

Edited by Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies

• Play-Doh® is a registered trademark of Hasbro, Inc.

Last edit date: 2008-06-12 10:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Physics.

	Physicist Physicists have a big goal in mind—to understand the nature of the entire universe and everything in it! To reach that goal, they observe and measure natural events seen on Earth and in the universe, and then develop theories, using mathematics, to explain why those phenomena occur. Physicists take on the challenge of explaining events that happen on the grandest scale imaginable to those that happen at the level of the smallest atomic particles. Their theories are then applied to human-scale projects to bring people new technologies, like computers, lasers, and fusion energy.			Nuclear Monitoring Technician Nuclear technology is used to image the human body, destroy cancer cells, sterilize food and medical equipment, create pest or drought-resistant seeds, and to generate power for 1 in 5 U.S. homes and businesses. Nuclear monitoring technicians help to keep the people who work with nuclear technology and the environment safe from excessive radiation exposure. They use special instruments to measure and monitor the radiation levels of workers, work areas and equipment, and they are involved in decontaminating work areas to safe levels. They also educate workers on radiation safety.
	Nuclear Medicine Technologist Many traditional medical imaging methods, like X-rays, can take pictures of certain parts inside the body, but sometimes these methods are not sensitive enough to detect a problem, or a picture is not enough—the doctor needs to see how a part is functioning, not just how it looks. That’s where nuclear medicine comes in. It can be used to see, for example, if bone repair is going on in a certain area, how a kidney is functioning, how a stomach is emptying, or how blood is flowing into and out of a heart. It can also be used to treat certain diseases. Nuclear medicine technologists are the special healthcare workers who administer radioactive drugs, take images of the patient, and then process, analyze, and show the computer images to the doctor.			Forensic Science Technician Guilty or not guilty? The fate of the accused in court lies with the evidence gathered at the crime scene. The job of the forensic science technician is to gather evidence and use scientific principles and techniques to make sense of it. It can be a grueling and graphic job, but very rewarding. If you like the idea of using science to help deliver justice, then you should investigate this career.

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