Abstract

Objective

In this science project you will hunt for M&M® prey in a series of different habitats to discover which M&M's® survive in each habitat and why.

Introduction

Nature can be brutal. The harsh reality is that if you are not a hunter, then you are being hunted, also known as the prey. What do animals do to avoid being eaten? Some animals develop defense mechanisms, like porcupine quills or the plated armor of an armadillo. Other animals develop gross tastes on their bodies, or poisonous mucus coatings.

This pattern of animals developing strategies to survive is called adaptation, and it is a mechanism for evolution. You may have heard the famous phrase "survival of the fittest," which Charles Darwin used to describe this natural phenomenon. In order to survive in nature, you need to be fit, and fitting in to your environment is very important to avoid being eaten!

The most common way that animals can avoid being eaten by a predator is by an adaptation called camouflage. Camouflage is a set of colorings or markings on an animal that help it to blend in with the surroundings and increase its chance for survival. The surrounding environment that the animal hides in is called the habitat, or the place where the animal lives.

Each animal needs to adapt to a unique habitat, and animals adapt in all kinds of interesting ways. Katydids, which live in green leafy trees, have adapted to their habitat by having a bright green body shaped like a leaf. Chameleons, which change habitats often in the colorful jungle, have adapted a way of changing their skin color to match their immediate environment. Decorator crabs have adapted by learning how to cover their shells with debris to blend in with their habitat.

Here is a game you can play with your friends to learn about adaptation. Get a box and fill it with clothes for different kinds of weather: a hat and sunglasses; a rain coat and an umbrella; a winter coat, hat, sweater, etc. Have one person announce a habitat (like the rain forest) and race to see who can find and put on the proper outfit (like the raincoat and boots) to adapt to that habitat. Who is the fastest? How do your made-up adaptations compare to natural adaptations that wild animals use in their natural habitats?

In the science project below, you will test how adaptation and survival work by using M&M candies as your prey. You will hunt for the M&M's in different-colored "habitats" to test whether some M&M's do better in some habitats than others. Then you can discover which M&M's are best suited to survive in each habitat.

Terms, Concepts, and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this science project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• Prey
• Adaptation
• Survival
• Predator
• Environment
• Habitat
• camouflage

Bibliography

• Armstrong, W.P. (n.d.). Photos of Ecological Adaptations #1. Retrieved December 28, 2005 from
  http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexe10b.htm
• American Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Darwin for Kids and Families. Retrieved December 28, 2005 from the American Museum of Natural History's website:
  http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/exhibitions/darwin/families/
  
• Missouri Botanical Garden. (2005). What's it Like Where You Live? Retrieved December 28, 2005 from the Missouri Botanical Garden's website:
  http://mbgnet.mobot.org/

Materials and Equipment

• Colored paper (6 large pieces). One piece each of white, blue, brown, red, yellow, green. The color of the paper should match the color of the M&M's as closely as possible. As long as the colors match well, any type of paper (construction paper, tissue paper, etc.) will work.
• Plastic baggies (6)
• M&M's (2 23.1-oz packages; you will only need five of the six colors)
• Stopwatch
• 2-4 volunteer predators who like to eat M&M's
• Lab notebook

Experimental Procedure

1. First you will need to prepare six groups of "prey" by counting and placing equal numbers of M&M's into separate plastic baggies.
2. Place 20 M&M's of each color into each baggie: 20 brown, 20 red, 20 yellow, 20 green, and 20 orange. There should be a total of 100 M&M's in each baggie.
3. Prepare different "habitats" with six large pieces of paper in a series of different colors: white, blue, red, yellow, green, or brown. If you have small sheets of paper, you may want to tape together four sheets of paper to make one large piece for each color.
4. Gather together a pack of 2-4 volunteer "predators." This can be anybody who likes to eat M&M's as much as you do: a friend, brother, sister, mom, dad, grandparent, etc.
5. Explain the rules of the game to your predators:
   "First, I will pour one bag of M&M's on a colored sheet of paper. Then I will set the timer for 10 seconds. When I say go, I will start the timer and all of you will pick up and eat the M&M's until the timer beeps. You may only use two fingers to pick up the M&M's, and your other hand must be behind your back. When the timer beeps, stop eating. I will count the number of M&M's of each color that are left. Then you will repeat it again for the rest of the colors of paper."
   
6. Put the first habitat down in the middle of your group of predators. Make sure everyone can reach the paper.
7. Pour one of your bags of M&M's out onto the paper. Make sure that all of the M&M's are on the paper.
8. Set your timer for 10 seconds.
9. Say, Go! and start the timer. When the timer beeps, everyone should stop eating M&M's.
10. Count the M&M's that are left on the paper and record the colors left in a data table in your lab notebook, like the one shown below:

    Habitat	Red M&M's	Brown M&M's	Green M&M's	Yellow M&M's	Orange M&M's
    Starting Number	20	20	20	20	20
    White Paper
    Yellow Paper
    Red Paper
    Green Paper
    Blue Paper
    Brown Paper

11. Repeat steps 6-10 for all of the other colored paper "habitats."
12. Look at your data. Do you notice any interesting patterns between the color of the paper and the color of the M&M's that were eaten? What is different about the white "habitat" than the other colored habitats? How do you think this same survival strategy would work in the wild?

Variations

• In the wild, adaptation and evolution happen over several generations because only the fittest survive to make new offspring. There is a way to test this phenomenon with the M&M science project. Pick one colored paper habitat and randomly put the contents of an entire package of M&M's on it. After a round of predation, as was described in steps 6-10 above, double the number of M&M's that are left by adding a colored M&M to match the color of each M&M that is left. For instance, if there are 4 red and 2 brown M&M's left, then add 4 more red and 2 more brown M&M's. Then repeat another round of predation. How many rounds does it take to get all the same colored M&M's?
• Different animals have adapted to different environments and habitats. Take a trip to your local zoo and bring your lab notebook. Write down and draw pictures of any special adaptations you observe. Do animals in the zoo use camouflage? Do the zookeepers do a good job of creating natural habitats? How do you think that the adaptations of zoo animals work in the wild? Do some kinds of animals have more adaptations than others?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Zoology Project Ideas.

Credits

Sara Agee, PhD, Science Buddies

M&M® and M&M's® are federally registered trademarks of Mars, Incorporated.

Last edit date: 2011-05-19 11:00:00