Summary
Introduction
What do you do when it gets very cold in winter? You probably turn your heater on, put on an extra layer of clothes, or cuddle under a warm blanket. But have you ever thought about why a jacket helps you stay warm? What is the purpose of our clothes, and why are they made from fabrics and not foils? Find out the answers in this activity; your results may even tell you the best way to stay warm in the cold!
Background
Heat is a form of energy. You need energy to heat something up; for example, a cup of tea. To make your tea, you probably use energy from electricity, a microwave or a fire. However, once your tea is hot, it won’t stay hot forever. Just leave the cup of tea out on the table for a while – you will notice that it becomes cooler the longer you wait. This is due to a phenomenon called heat transfer, which is the flow of energy in form of heat. If two objects have different temperatures, heat automatically flows from one object to the other once they are in contact. The heat energy is always transferred from the hotter to the colder object. In the case of the tea, the heat of the liquid is transferred to its surrounding air, which is usually colder than the tea. Once both objects reach the same temperature, the heat transfer will stop. Heat transfer via movement of fluids or gas is called convection.
Heat can also be transferred through radiation. You might have experienced that from sitting around a bonfire. Although you are not touching the fire, you can feel it radiating heat in your face even if it is cold outside. If you like to drink your tea hot, you might ask how heat transfer can be reduced, and how the tea keeps from cooling down? The answer is thermal insulation. Insulation means creating a barrier between the hot and the cold object that reduces heat transfer by either reflecting thermal radiation or decreasing thermal conduction and convection from one object to the other. Depending on the material of the barrier, the insulation will be more or less effective. Barriers that conduct heat very poorly are good thermal insulators, whereas materials that conduct heat very well have a low insulating capability. In this activity, you will test which materials make good or bad thermal insulators with the help of a glass of hot water. Which material do you think will be most effective?
Materials
- Glass jars with lid (5)
- Scissor
- Tape
- Aluminum foil
- Bubble wrap
- Wool scarf or other wool clothes
- Paper
- Hot tap water
- Thermometer
- Fridge
- Timer
- Adult helper
Preparation
- With the help of an adult, cut a piece of the aluminum foil, the bubble wrap and the paper. Each piece should be large enough to fit three times around the sides of the glass jar.
- Take the piece of aluminum foil and wrap it around the sides of one of the jars. You should have three layers of foil around the glass jar. Use the tape to attach the foil to the jar.
- Next, wrap another jar with the bubble wrap so that the glass is also covered in three layers. Make sure to tape the bubble wrap onto the jar.
- Use the cut paper to wrap a third jar in three layers of paper. Once again, attach the paper to the glass jar.
- Take another glass jar and wrap the scarf or other wool fabric around the jar. Only make three layers of wrapping and make sure that the scarf stays attached to the jar.
- Leave the last jar without any wrapping. This will be your control.
Instructions
- Fill each jar with the same amount of hot water from your faucet.
- Use the thermometer to measure the temperature in each jar. Put your finger inside the water of each jar - how hot or cold is the water?
- Write down the temperature for each jar and close the lids. Are all the temperatures the same or are there differences? How big are the differences?
- Open your fridge and put all the five jars inside. Make sure they are still securely wrapped. Feel the temperature of the fridge – is it very cold or warm? What temperature does the thermometer read when you put it into the fridge?
- Once all the jars are in the fridge, close the fridge door and set your timer to 10 minutes. What do you think will happen with the jars and the hot water during that time?
- After 10 minutes open the fridge and take all the jars outside. Do the jars feel different?
- Open each jar, one at a time, and measure the water temperature with your thermometer. Also, feel the temperature with your finger. Did the temperature change? How did it change?
- Repeat measuring the temperature for each jar and write down the temperature for each wrapping material. Did the temperature in each jar change the same way? Which wrapping material resulted in the lowest temperature change, and which resulted in the biggest?
- For a better comparison, calculate the temperature difference from the beginning and end of the experiment for each jar (temperature beginning – temperature after 10 minutes in fridge). From your results, can you tell which material is a good or bad thermal insulator?
- If you like, you can close each jar again and put them back into the fridge for another 10 minutes. Do you think the temperature will change again? Will the results be different this time, or the same?
Extra: Does the water temperature change the same in the fridge as in the freezer or at room temperature? Repeat the experiment, but this time, instead of putting the glass jars into the fridge, put them into the freezer or keep them at room temperature. How much does the temperature of the water change within 10 minutes? Do the different wrapping materials behave differently?
Extra: Try to find other materials that you think are good or bad thermal insulators and test them. Which material works the best? Can you think of a reason why?
Extra: If you take the jars out of the fridge after 10 minutes, you probably still measure a temperature difference between the water inside the jar and the temperature inside the fridge. You can keep the glass jars longer in the fridge and measure their temperature every 15 to 30 minutes. How long does it take until the temperature of the water doesn’t change anymore? What is the end temperature of the water inside the glass?
Extra: Besides choosing the right insulator material, what are other ways to improve thermal insulation? Repeat this experiment with only one wrapping material. This time change the thickness of your insulating layer. Do you find a correlation between thickness of insulation layer and temperature change in the fridge?
Observations and Results
Did your hot water cool down significantly during the 10 minutes inside the fridge? While the fridge temperature is very low, your hot water has a high temperature. As heat energy always flows from the hot object to the cold object, the heat energy from your hot water will be transferred to the surrounding cold air inside the fridge once you put the glass jars inside. The most significant mechanism of heat transfer in this case is convection, which means that the air just next to the hot jar is warmed up by the hot water. Then, the warm air is replaced with cold air, which is also warmed up. At the same time, the cold air cools down the water inside the jar. The heat of the hot water is transported away by the flow of cold air around the cup. If you left the jars in the fridge long enough, you might have observed that the temperature changes until the hot water reaches the temperature inside the fridge. Without a temperature difference between the water and the fridge, the heat transfer will stop.
Heat from the water is also lost through conduction: the transfer of heat through the material, which is dependent on the thermal conductivity of the material itself. The glass jar can conduct heat relatively well. You notice that when you touch the glass jar with the hot water, the glass feels hot as well. What effect did the different wrapping materials have? You should have noticed that with wrapping materials, the temperature of the water after 10 minutes inside the fridge was higher compared to the unwrapped control. Why? Wrapping the glass jar reduces the heat transfer from the hot water to the cold air inside the fridge. Using wrapping materials that have a very low thermal conductivity reduces the heat loss through conduction. At the same time the insulator can also disrupt or reduce the flow of cold air around the glass jar, which results in less heat loss via convection.
One way of reducing convection is creating air pockets around the jar - for example, by using insulators such as bubble wrap, fabric, or wool, which have a lot of air pockets. Air in general is a good thermal insulator, but it can transmit heat through convection. However, if the air pockets inside the insulating material are separated from each other, heat flow from one air pocket to another cannot happen easily. This is the reason why you should have measured the highest temperature in the bubble wrapped jar and fabric wrapped jar. This also explains why most of our clothes are made of fabrics and you stay warmer when you put on an extra jacket. Paper and foil make it easier for the heat to escape as they don’t have that many air pockets.
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Cleanup
- Remove the wrapping materials from the jar and either reuse them or throw them into the trash or recycling. Pour the water into the sink and clean out the jars.
Additional Resources
- Heat Transfer - For Kids, from Real World Physics Problems
- Curious facts about insulation, from FunKids
- How Animals Stay Warm with Blubber, from Scientific American
- Science Activity for All Ages!, from Science Buddies
