How to make sand timers

[Senior06]

I am trying to find out differnt ways to make timer between 30 and 90 seconds. I have some ideas but i dont know how to build it. Help Me

[Jim Lewandowski]

It seems interesting...

From,
http://www.florilegium.org/files/TIME/S ... s-art.html

HAT MAKES AN HOURGLASS TICK? Scientists have discovered that the sand grains in an hourglass flow continuously only in those hourglasses with the proper ratio of neck width to grain diameter. For ratios outside the proper range, the hourglass "ticks": the grains alternate between flowing and not flowing at a constant rate. Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh (contact Xiao-lun Wu, 412-624-0873) and the University of Rennes in France have found that this "ticking" effect is caused by tiny pressure differences--typically, 1/10,000 of an atmosphere--between the upper and lower halves of the hourglass, and also by the formation of arch-like structures in the grains. Small external disturbances can alter the ticking rate--or stop the flow entirely. This knowledge can potentially be exploited to manipulate granular materials in silos and hoppers, which have geometries similar to that of an hourglass. In addition to showing the importance of air in an hourglass, this experiment demonstrates the tendency of granular materials to act as a collective substance--in this case, through the formation of arches--rather than as individual particles. This collective state of matter is neither a solid nor a liquid. For example, a normal liquid would flow more slowly through an hourglass as level decreased. (X-l. Wu et al, Phys. Rev. Lett, 30 August 1993.)

[Jim Lewandowski]

I'm not sure if this will help you "build" an hour glass, but there are some equations relating the flow rate to the radius of the "neck" of the hour glass.

Here is a link to two phyiscs papers on the subject. They are pdf's.

http://www.stanford.edu/~lewand/papers/

[Jim Lewandowski]

Here's a link thats is hopefully a bit more basic, I should have started you with this one.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/hourglass.html