Help Needed Immediately

[deleted-667965]

This all I have, I am wondering what a expert would think of this. Is this at grade 8 level?
Can a expert give critism and advice on what I can improve on.

Question: How does light refract differently when traveling through different mediums?

Responding Variable: speed of light, angles of incidence and refraction
Controlled Variable: amount of medium, size of plexiglass,
Manipulated variable: medium used

Hypothesis: The fastest thing in the whole universe is the speed of light in a vacuum (like outer space!), clocking in at a great 322.92 metres per second. Light travels in waves, and we call this traveling propagation. Propagation of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The speed of light is determined by the medium through which the light is travelling. As light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down. Air has less density than oil, water, pepsi, diet coke and oil has a greater density than water, pepsi, diet coke and air. This means there is more stuff getting in the way of light when it is travelling through oil. For that reason, light travels faster through air. Light will after travel faster in water 0.99823 grams/ml, then diet coke at 1.01 gram/milliliter and at second last pepsi, at 1.057 gram/milliliter density.

Observations/Analysis: In my experiment, I covered different mediums including oil, water, pepsi, diet coke and air to understand refraction of light. I pointed a laser towards the medium tested and observed how, when the light entered the medium, it changed speed and direction. First, to find the direction of light when it entered the new medium, I used Snell's Law. Snell's Law states that when light travels from a less dense substance to a more dense substance, it will bend towards the normal. This was proven by my experiment. The angle of refraction for air was 50 degrees, 18 degrees for pepsi, 20 degrees for diet coke, for water 24 degrees and for oil 14 degrees. We can observe that as a substance becomes denser, the light bends more towards the normal.

When scientists talk about refraction, they use the formula "n=c/v". In this formula, "c" is the speed of light in a vacuum; "v" is the speed of light in that substance and "n" is the index of refraction. According to the formula, the index of refraction is the relation between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in a substance. Since my formula says n=c/v and we know that the value for c is a constant, we can figure out that light has different speeds when it is in different substances. It goes at full speed in a vacuum, and slower everywhere else. We used this formula and discovered that light travels at a speed of 225563909.774 metres per second in water, 204081632.653 m/s in oil, 219941348.97 m/s in pepsi, 223048327.138 m/s in diet coke and 299,792,458 m/s in air. My results proved, As light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density affects the speed of light of a medium.

Conclusion: When we put our hands inside the water, we sometimes wonder why our hand appears to be distorted. This is because refraction has taken place. Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes from one material to another material. The refraction occurs at the boundary and is caused by a change n the speed of the light wave upon crossing the boundary. The tendency of a ray of light to bend one direction or another is dependent upon whether the light wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing the boundary. To have a better understanding of this process, we designed an experiment to see how fast light travels through different mediums, such as air, water, pepsi, diet coke and oil. Before conducting the experiment, we did some background research and found that light travels slower through denser materials, so my hypothesis was that light would travel the slowest through oil, and the fastest through air. The results of the experiment did support my hypothesis. The speed of light is determined by the medium through which the light is travelling. As light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density is the factor to how fast light travels through a medium.

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

Although I have done something similar in a higher grade, making sure that the information is easily understood will be good enough. A criticism that I had for your experiment: Overall, it is well-researched and nicely done. However, in your hypothesis, make sure to mention how much the different mediums will change the light's direction, as you only mention speed.

Good luck!
-Regina

[rmarz]

rrv17 - A well thought out and interesting experiment. In your hypothesis, correct your units to 322 km/sec, not 322 m/sec. It can certainly be an 8-12th grade experiment depending on the detail of some of your measurement procedures. Good luck.

Rick Marz

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

As rmarz pointed out, you can use km/s if the equation called for it--however also i noticed that the numbers were off, as the speed of light in space is 299,792 km/s (or 299,792,458 m/s).

Good luck!
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

Thanks for the advice, accordingly I changed up some stuff. Anyways could you help me with my abstract and the possible errors and my graphs. For the abstract I know its a summary but what concepts are you supposed include in it. Finally I just realized this but the way I wrote my observations/anaylsis it was basically just analysis so I should seperate them and if so what would I put in my observations section. Should I also separate my conclusion/Applictaion

possible errors what I have so far: I think the tests we did went smoothly and we had no problems but as any experiment, it could have had sources of error that could have altered the results. One could have been that the beam of light would not have hit the centerfold, which would affect the angle of incidence and of refraction. Another one could have been that we could have measured the angle of incidence and angle of refraction.

Abstract: The reproduction of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The velocity of light changes depending on the material it travels through. Light waves can be changed in a few different ways. Reflection is when the waves bounce off a surface and change direction. Diffraction spreads out light waves. The third type of light behavior is refraction. Refraction is where light waves pass through a material (called a medium) and changes direction.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pTY ... j8zbI/edit
graph link

[deleted-593898]

Hello,
I apologize for the late response, I hope this can still help. To answer your questions, an abstract is a paragraph detailing the problem and purpose of the experiment, how the experiment was executed, and the results. I would add the experiment itself as well as what occurred when doing the experiment. The first paragraph of the observation/analysis is the observation part while the the second paragraph is the latter. The conclusion is sufficient as it is currently. Application would be more as to how this information could be used in real life situations. The possible errors part should be good enough as well as the graph.

Good luck!
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

Application/Extension: Refraction is the fact or phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc. being deflected in passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A lens uses refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. Refraction is used by the lens to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from an incident beam of light. Refraction also plays an important role in the formation of a mirage and other optical illusions.

I belive the tests I did went smoothly and we had no problems but as any experiment, it could have had sources of error that could have altered the results. One could have been that the beam of light would not have hit the centerfold, which would affect the angle of incidence and of refraction. Another one could have been that we could have measured the angle of incidence and angle of refraction wrong.

Abstarct: The objective of this science project is to see how does light refract differently when traveling through different mediums. The reproduction of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The velocity of light changes depending on the material it travels through. Light waves can be changed in a few different ways. Reflection is when the waves bounce off a surface and change direction. Diffraction spreads out light waves. The third type of light behavior is refraction. Refraction is where light waves pass through a material (called a medium) and changes direction. In the end with myresults I figured out as light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density is the factor to how fast light travels through a medium. The direction of the light is also decided by the density, the denser the medium is, the light bends more towards the normal.

[deleted-667965]

..

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

It looks good! You just need to go over some spelling and grammar errors and it should be good to go!
However, some minor things:

Application/Extension: Refraction is the fact or phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc. being deflected in passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A lens uses refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. Refraction is used by the lens to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from an incident beam of light. Refraction also plays an important role in the formation of a mirage and other optical illusions.

You repeat a similar idea where it is bolded. The first sentence you can leave alone, but for the second, you could be like: One such application where refraction is used today is glasses or magnifying glasses.

Also, the sources of error would be better fit in the conclusion section rather than the application. However, if your teacher said to put it in the application section, ignore my suggestion.

Good luck!
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

isn't the errors in your project supposed be the extension?

[deleted-667965]

I need help with a solar energy project its basically doing this but I can't find good websites. This is a study guide for the test in a couple of days so our teacher told us to get this done in the weekend quickly so we could spend rest of the time studying. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lb9 ... sp=sharing
The thing is on the link

[deleted-593898]

Hello,
Either or would be fine, it is your choice as to where you want to put it. There is no specific place, it is just my own personal preference to put it in the conclusion section.
Good luck,
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

I see thanks, I'm just going to polish some stuff, I might need some help with that otherwise I can do my trifold tomorrow at school.

[deleted-667965]

Final 6/10 (mark my teacher gave me currently) What can I Improve?
Abstract:
The objective of this science project is to see how does light refract differently when traveling through different mediums. The reproduction of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The velocity of light changes depending on the material it travels through. Light waves can be changed in a few different ways. Reflection is when the waves bounce off a surface and change direction. Diffraction spreads out light waves. The third type of light behavior is refraction. Refraction is where light waves pass through a material (called a medium) and changes direction. In the end with myresults I figured out as light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density is the factor to how fast light travels through a medium. The direction of the light is also decided by the density, the denser the medium is, the light bends more towards the normal.

Question:
How does light refract differently when traveling through different mediums?

Background Research:
Light, electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, Within that broad spectrum the wavelengths visible to humans occupy a very narrow band, from about 700 nanometres for red light down to about 400 nm for violet light. The spectral regions adjacent to the visible band are often referred to as light also, infrared at the one end and ultraviolet at the other. The speed of light in a vacuum is a fundamental physical constant, the currently accepted value of which is exactly 299,792,458 metres per second, or about 186,282 miles per second. Refraction is the bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other waves). The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the two media.This bending by refraction makes it possible for us to have lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms and rainbows. Even our eyes depend upon this bending of light. Without refraction, we wouldn’t be able to focus light onto our retina.

Materials:
Sheets of paper
Pencil
Colored marker
Ruler
Protractor
Calculator
Rectangular transparent material at least ¼” thick.
Oil
Water
Diet coke
Pepsi
Laser pointer or laser pen
Place to turn the lights off to make it dark

Variables:
Responding Variable: speed of light, angles of incidence and refraction
Controlled Variable: amount of medium, size of plexiglass,
Manipulated variable: medium used

Hypothesis:
The fastest thing in the whole universe is the speed of light in a vacuum (like outer space!), clocking in at a great 322.92 kilometers per second. Light travels in waves, and we call this traveling propagation. Propagation of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The speed of light is determined by the medium through which the light is travelling. As light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down. Air has less density than oil, water, pepsi, diet coke and oil has a greater density than water, pepsi, diet coke and air. This means there is more stuff getting in the way of light when it is travelling through oil. The denser the medium is, the light bends more towards the normal. Overall, light travels faster through air. Light will after travel faster in water 0.99823 grams/milliliter, then diet coke at 1.01 gram/milliliter and at second last pepsi, at 1.057 gram/milliliter density.

Procedure:
Fold a clean sheet of paper in half.
Place one of the liquids on the folded sheet of paper so the centerline of the object is on the fold.
Trace the outline of the object onto the paper with the pencil.
Use a colored marker to make a small dot on the edge of the sheet. This is where you will aim the laser. This dot should be on the same side as the fold, at least 1.5 inches from the fold. Why should the place where the laser will be aimed be marked?
Lay the laser down on the table or countertop and adjust the beam so it enters the page at the colored dot you made and hits the object at the centerline fold.
Turn the lights off if it makes it easier to see the laser beam.
Mark the laser beam path in and out of the object with a few dots using the pencil.
Use the protractor to measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction. Record the data and be sure to include any observations. The angle of incidence (θ1) is the angular distance from a reference (in this case the centerline fold) at which the laser beam approaches and hits the object. In this case, the medium is air. The angle of refraction (θ2) is the angular distance from a reference (in this case, the centerline fold) that light travels through the new medium:
Using Snell’s law, calculate the speed of light in the air and in the test material.
Repeat with different liquids and compare the results

Results/Observations:
In my experiment, I covered different mediums including oil, water, pepsi, diet coke and air to understand refraction of light. I pointed a laser towards the medium tested and observed how, when the light entered the medium, it changed speed and direction. First, to find the direction of light when it entered the new medium, I used Snell's Law. Snell's Law states that when light travels from a less dense substance to a more dense substance, it will bend towards the normal. This was proven by my experiment. The angle of refraction for air was 50 degrees, 18 degrees for pepsi, 20 degrees for diet coke, for water 24 degrees and for oil 14 degrees. We can observe that as a substance becomes denser, the light bends more towards the normal.


Analysis:
When scientists talk about refraction, they use the formula "n=c/v". In this formula, "c" is the speed of light in a vacuum; "v" is the speed of light in that substance and "n" is the index of refraction. According to the formula, the index of refraction is the relation between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in a substance. Since my formula says n=c/v and we know that the value for c is a constant, we can figure out that light has different speeds when it is in different substances. It goes at full speed in a vacuum, and slower everywhere else. We used this formula and discovered that light travels at a speed of 225563909.774 metres per second in water, 204081632.653 m/s in oil, 219941348.97 m/s in pepsi, 223048327.138 m/s in diet coke and 299,792,458 m/s in air. My results proved, As light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density affects the speed of light of a medium.

Concluison:
When we put our hands inside the water, we sometimes wonder why our hand appears to be distorted. This is because refraction has taken place. Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes from one material to another material. The refraction occurs at the boundary and is caused by a change n the speed of the light wave upon crossing the boundary. The tendency of a ray of light to bend one direction or another is dependent upon whether the light wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing the boundary. To have a better understanding of this process, we designed an experiment to see how fast light travels through different mediums, such as air, water, pepsi, diet coke and oil. Before conducting the experiment, we did some background research and found that light travels slower through denser materials, so my hypothesis was that light would travel the slowest through oil, and the fastest through air. I also said denser mediums would make the light bend more towards the normal. The results of the experiment did support my hypothesis. The speed of light and direction is determined by the medium through which the light is travelling. As light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density is the factor to how fast light travels through a medium. The direction of the light is also decided by the density, the denser the medium is, the light bends more towards the normal.

All too often, refraction is relegated to a lower level of importance. However, refraction is very important in our daily lives. Refraction is the phenomenon that makes image formation possible by the eye as well as by cameras and other systems of lenses. Refraction is an important means by which the eye controls and redirects in such a way as to produce the good-quality clear images on the retina that are essential for good vision. Without refraction, good eyesight would not be possible. The reproduction of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The velocity of light changes depending on the material it travels through. Light waves can be changed in a few different ways. Reflection is when the waves bounce off a surface and change direction. Diffraction spreads out light waves. The third type of light behavior is refraction. Refraction is where light waves pass through a material (called a medium) and changes direction.


Applictaion/Extension:
Refraction is the fact or phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc. being deflected in passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A lens uses refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from an incident beam of light. Refraction also plays an important role in the formation of a mirage and other optical illusions.
I believe the tests I did went smoothly and we had no problems but as any experiment, it could have had sources of error that could have altered the results. One could have been that the beam of light would not have hit the centerfold, which would affect the angle of incidence and of refraction. Another one could have been that we could have measured the angle of incidence and angle of refraction wrong.

[deleted-667965]

For my trifold I have an image bigger than normal page size is there a way to print it.

Moderator note: I've merged this post with your previous posts on the same project. Please keep your posts together so the expert who has been helping you can more easily see your follow-up question. Thanks!

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

Is there a rubric that your teacher used? Is there a specific area that they took points off of?

-Regina

[deleted-593898]

I would put a bit more information about Snell's law, like maybe how it was derived or the usage of it.

[deleted-593898]

Sorry for the multiple posts but here is a breakdown of the things needed in a final report:
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science- ... nal-report

Hope this helps as well,
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

I want get at least a 8/10 but tommorow is tri-fold day.
Tri-fold questions
What should be the size of the tittle and sub titles and the normal text
What should the three colors of the trifold be?
A more important question would be do the judges read your tri-fold?

Application/Extension:
Refraction is the fact or phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc. being deflected in passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A lens uses refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from an incident beam of light. Refraction also plays an important role in the formation of a mirage and other optical illusions.
Overall science fair this year was pretty successful there were a lot of things, I did right and wrong, there much to take forward for next year. With things I did wrong, I believe the tests I did went quite smoothly and had not many problems but as any experiment, it still had sources of error that could had altered the results. One problem is that the beam of light would not have hit the centerfold, which would affect the angle of incidence and of refraction, also it makes worse if you don’t position the laser. one more error would have been that I had sometimes have had measured the angle of incidence and angle of refraction wrong which was a big problem having to make me do the experiment again. Another error would be the laser itself, make sure it works and isn’t faulty so it refracts and is visible. Finally I learned the lighting can affect the refraction and visibility of the lasers so next time, I would make sure there is no lighting in the room to make the results more accurate.

[deleted-667965]

Link to all my stuff it would be nice if you could take a look and give one last edit
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aCf ... HJFWA/edit

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

Here are some sites for a breakdown of Snell's Law:

• https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/ ... nell-s-Law
  https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m ... /snell.htm
  http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SnellsLaw.html

And for the other questions:
The title should be big enough to be read across the room. Any subtitles should be a bit smaller, but still legible from about ten or so feet away. Normal text should be legible to read about five or fewer feet away (this is all an approximation, make sure everything fits!).
The judges will read your trifold and look at any other displays that you have (such as if you had a laser pointer on that was pointed towards a piece of glass). Make sure that it is neat and eye-catching.

Here is a link for any more tri-fold information:
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science- ... lay-boards

Good luck!
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

Overall what do you think about my project. Tommorow we are presenting our trifolds to the kids in our school and to the public and was thinking of makin a script but don't know where to start.

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

It's an interesting topic, so gather attention by saying something interesting. Maybe something like:

"Refraction. It is something we take for granted, yet it is so important to this day and age."
Ask people to raise their hands if they wear glasses, then ask if they used a magnifying glass or a microscope.
"These inventions utilize this amazing concept..." and then delve into the project from there.

I hope this can kickstart that script. Good luck!
-Regina

[deleted-667965]

Judges in my school usually ask question like what were the results so I just did this for my presentation or do you think I should change it.
Refraction. It is something we take for granted, yet it is so important to this day and age.
Ask people to raise their hands if they wear glasses, then ask if they used a magnifying glass or a microscope.These inventions utilize this amazing concept. In my project, The objective of this science project is to see how does light refract differently when traveling through different mediums. The reproduction of waves has both a speed and a direction, called the velocity. The velocity of light changes depending on the material it travels through. Light waves can be changed in a few different ways. Reflection is when the waves bounce off a surface and change direction. Diffraction spreads out light waves. The third type of light behavior is refraction. Refraction is where light waves pass through a material (called a medium) and changes direction. In the end with my results I figured out as light travels through different materials, it scatters off the molecules in the material and is slowed down so the density is the factor to how fast light travels through a medium. The direction of the light is also decided by the density, the denser the medium is, the light bends more towards the normal.

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

Sounds pretty good to me.

-Regina

[deleted-667965]

would there also be a way to simplify my hypothesis, observations/analysis, and conclusion but the main points are kept.
Anyways how would you simplify snell's law, I and simplify my caluations in steps.

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

To shorten your hypothesis, observations/analysis, and conclusions down to a few sentences or less, I would do:

Hypothesis- If the medium that light is going through is more dense compared to air and other mediums, then that medium will make the light bend more towards normal as well as slow it down because velocity of light is determined by the material through which the light is traveling.

Observations/Analysis- In my experiment, the angle of refraction was 50 degrees for air, 18 degrees for pepsi, 20 degrees for diet coke, 24 degrees for water, and 14 degrees for oil; therefore, we can observe that as a substance becomes denser, the light bends more towards the normal. Using the formula n=c/v, it was also found that light travels at a speed of 225563909.774 metres per second in water, 204081632.653 m/s in oil, 219941348.97 m/s in pepsi, 223048327.138 m/s in diet coke and 299,792,458 m/s in air, proving how density plays a role in the velocity of right as well.

Conclusion- The experiment supported my hypothesis of light being affected by the density of the medium it passes through, as evident by the changes in speed and angle that were observed. Refraction, as a whole, is a phenomenon that makes image formation possible by the eye as well as by cameras, eyeglasses, and other systems of lenses.

Snell's Law- The equation that was used to calculate the change in angle was as follows:
n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
with n1 and n2 being the refractive index of two different mediums, and sinθ1 plus sinθ2 being the two different angles created. The refractive index is a numerical representation of how light will change when entering a specific medium.

Calculations- To find the velocity, each medium was plugged into the equation:
n=c/v
and was solved for v. To change the equation so that v became the dependent variable, n was first multiplied by v to get nv=c. Then, n was divided on both sides to get v=c/n, the equation that was used to find the velocity.

This should be sufficient, good luck!

-Regina V.

[deleted-667965]

I'm sorry for asking again but how would I simplify my application/ extension or possible errors.

[deleted-593898]

Hello,

To simplify your application/extension and possible errors, I would say:

Application/Extension- Refractions has numerous uses that are seen in daily life, a main one being magnification, but others including optical illusions and prisms. Light not hitting the centerfold, incorrect measurements, and faulty lasers were possible errors that could have arisen during this experiment.

Hope this helps!
-Regina V.

[deleted-667965]

I just checked my school's marking sheet and it says improvement. I don't remember doing improvement last year. Also when it says attractive does it have to actually good or just organized and look like you tried.