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Do You Love the Taste of Food? Find Out if You Are a Supertaster!

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Abstract

Are you really picky about food? Or do you know someone who is? It might be because he or she is a supertaster! To supertasters, the flavors of foods are much stronger than to average tasters. Are you a supertaster? Find out with this tongue-based science fair project!

Summary

Areas of Science
Difficulty
 
Time Required
Short (2-5 days)
Prerequisites
None
Material Availability
Readily available
Cost
Very Low (under $20)
Safety
People with allergies to food coloring should not participate in this experiment.
Credits

Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies

This science project idea was adapted from the following resource:
Murray, J. (2004). Taste intensity & fungiform papillae. Retrieved July 16, 2008.

Objective

Determine what percentage of the population are supertasters, average tasters, and non-tasters.

Introduction

Do you hate the taste of broccoli? Or think that grapefruit is extremely bitter? If so, you may be able to blame it on your taste buds! Taste buds are sensory organs on your tongue that help you sense different flavors. Each taste bud is made up of about 150 cells, called receptors. Each receptor is best at sensing a single flavor: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, or umami. The sum total of these sensations is the "taste" of the food.

The number of taste buds varies from person to person. People who have more taste buds are called supertasters. To supertasters, foods have much stronger flavors, which often leads to supertasters having very strong likes and dislikes for different foods. Supertasters often report that foods like broccoli, cabbage, spinach, grapefruit, and coffee taste very bitter.

The opposite of supertasters are non-tasters. Non-tasters have very few taste buds and to them, most food seems bland and unexciting. The people in the middle are average tasters. Which kind of taster do you think you are? You can find out in this human biology science project by putting some blue food coloring on the tip of your tongue and counting the number of papillae there. Papillae (which are shown in Figure 1, below) are structures that house the taste buds. By testing a group of people (30 or more), you can determine what percentage of the population are non-tasters, supertasters, and average tasters. Which type of taster do you think is most common? Ready to find out? Then stick out your tongue and start counting!

Photo of a human tongue with papillae highlighted

Figure 1. In this close-up of a tongue you can see the papillae (bumps) that house the taste buds (Bladebot, 2006).

Terms and Concepts

Questions

Bibliography

These websites have more information about taste, taste buds, and tongues:

This website offers help with creating graphs:

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Create a Graph. Retrieved May 14, 2008.

To print out polar graph paper for a pie chart, visit this website:

Materials and Equipment

Disclaimer: Science Buddies participates in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity, and keep our resources free for everyone. Our top priority is student learning. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at scibuddy@sciencebuddies.org.

Experimental Procedure

  1. If you do not have paper-hole reinforcers, put on a pair of disposable gloves, take a clean sheet of wax paper, and punch one hole in it for each volunteer, keeping some space between the holes. Use the scissors to cut out each hole so that you have a small wax paper "ring" for each volunteer. Put the rings somewhere clean, such as on the uncut part of the wax paper sheet.
  2. Put on a new pair of disposable gloves. Use a new pair for each volunteer. Have the first volunteer open his or her mouth. Place a drop of blue food coloring on the tip of his or her tongue. Do not let the food coloring tip touch the volunteer's tongue.
  3. Have the volunteer take a mouthful of water, swish it around in his or her mouth, and then spit it out. Use a new cup and fresh water for each volunteer.
  4. Ask the volunteer to make his or her tongue as dry as possible by swallowing a couple of times, and then ask the volunteer to stick out his or her tongue.
  5. Place a paper-hole reinforcer on the tip of the volunteer's tongue, as shown in Figure 2.
  6. The blue dye will stain all of the tongue, except the papillae. The papillae will look like lighter blue or pink bumps in a sea of dark blue.
    A white ring is placed on a blue-stained tongue while papillae in the rings are counted

    Figure 2. In this photo of a dyed tongue, the lighter-colored, larger bumps are papillae. Black arrows point to three of the papillae. By counting the number of papillae inside the paper-hole reinforcer, you can determine if a person is a non-taster, an average taster, or a supertaster.

  7. Using a flashlight and a magnifying glass, count the number of papillae within the paper-hole reinforcer. Your volunteer is finished and can remove the paper-hole reinforcer from his or her tongue. Tip: Do not count the really tiny bumps; just count the larger ones.
  8. Record the data in your lab notebook in a data table like Table 1, below.

    Volunteer # of Papillae Type of Taster
    (Non-taster/Average Taster/Supertaster)
       
       

    Table 1. In your lab notebook, make a data table like this one to record your data in.

  9. Repeat steps 2–8 for at least 30 people, including yourself.
  10. Classify each person as a non-taster, an average taster, or a supertaster, based on how many papillae you counted for them. Record the classification in your data table.
    1. Fewer than 15 papillae is a non-taster.
    2. Between 15 and 30 papillae is an average taster.
    3. More than 30 papillae is a supertaster.
  11. Calculate the percentage of people who belong in each category of taster.
    1. For example, if you tested 30 people and 15 of them were average tasters, then you would divide the number of average tasters (15) by the total number of people tested (30) and multiply by 100 to get the percentage (50 percent).
    2. If you need help calculating percentages, ask an adult for assistance.
  12. Make a pie chart showing your results.
    1. You can use a compass and a protractor to draw the pie chart circle and divide it into the appropriate-sized pieces.
    2. Or you can use polar graph paper to make your pie chart. Polar graph paper is already divided into wedges, so you can just count out how many wedges you need for each category. You can buy polar graph paper at an office supply store or print it out for free from Incompetech.com.
    3. If you prefer to make your pie chart on the computer you can use the Create a Graph website to make your chart and then print it out.
  13. Which type of taster is most common? Which is least common? What type of taster are you?
icon scientific method

Ask an Expert

Do you have specific questions about your science project? Our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.

Global Connections

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) are a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.

This project explores topics key to Good Health and Well-Being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Variations

  • Do males and females have the same likelihood of being a supertaster? Try the experiment above with an equal number of males and females (at least 15 of each, but more are better) and compare the results for the boys and girls.
  • Research how different foods, like spinach and chili peppers, taste to the different types of tasters. Based on your background reading, can you make a taste-test to figure out who is a supertaster? Check how accurate your taste-test is by also counting the papillae for each person.
  • Is there a correlation between people's weight and the type of taster they are? Are supertasters more likely to be underweight, average, or above weight? Design an experiment to find out. Hint: You might want to use the body mass index (BMI) as a way of categorizing people as underweight, average, or overweight.

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General citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.

MLA Style

Science Buddies Staff. "Do You Love the Taste of Food? Find Out if You Are a Supertaster!" Science Buddies, 20 Nov. 2020, https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/HumBio_p017/human-biology-health/find-out-if-you-are-a-supertaster. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.

APA Style

Science Buddies Staff. (2020, November 20). Do You Love the Taste of Food? Find Out if You Are a Supertaster! Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/HumBio_p017/human-biology-health/find-out-if-you-are-a-supertaster


Last edit date: 2020-11-20
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