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Bioprinting: 3D Print with Living Cells! No 3D Printer Required.

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Abstract

Do you get excited about 3D printing technology? Do you like to think about other applications for this technology? 3D printing techniques can also be used with living cells, a method called 3D bioprinting. In this science project, you will explore 3D bioprinting a gelatinous substance with plant seeds. This process is similar to real 3D bioprinting techniques being explored to create tissues and organs.

Summary

Areas of Science
3D Printing
Medical Biotechnology
Difficulty
Method
Scientific Method
Time Required
Long (2-4 weeks)
Prerequisites

None

Material Availability

A kit for this project is available from our partner Home Science Tools®.

Cost
Average ($40 - $80)
Safety

Adult supervision may be needed for using a blender.

Credits
Teisha Rowland, PhD, Science Buddies
Science Buddies is committed to creating content authored by scientists and educators. Learn more about our process and how we use AI.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULkUK0Ro4Aw

Objective

In this science project, you will experiment with (manual) 3D bioprinting using plant seeds and investigate which conditions lead to the best bioprinting results.

Introduction

Did you know that scientists are using 3D printing technology to create materials using living cells? 3D printing is a method of creating a three-dimensional (3D) object one layer at a time, typically using plastics. The printing material usually comes out of a nozzle as a liquid, which then hardens. After the material hardens, another layer is deposited on top of the first, and the process repeats until the 3D-printed object is complete.

3D bioprinting is a type of 3D printing that uses living cells and other compatible materials to generate, layer by layer, 3D biological structures. These structures can vary widely and include living tissues, simplified organs, and even food! Tissues are groups of similar cells that normally work together to perform specific functions in the body. Organs are similar to tissues but are typically more complex and composed of multiple types of tissues. Such 3D bioprinted tissues and organs could be useful for tissue and organ replacement (specifically tissue engineering), as well as for use as cell-based models for testing drugs and cosmetics and for other experiments. Usually, living cells are mixed with a liquid or gel-like material, which is then printed from the nozzle onto a platform. The material containing the cells may need to stabilize or solidify quickly to maintain the desired structure or shape. Materials often used in 3D bioprinting include hydrogels, which easily absorb and retain water. Watch the video below to learn more about 3D printing of organs and tissues.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-ntiRHsO8I

In this science project, you will experiment with 3D bioprinting using plant seeds and investigate what conditions lead to the best bioprinting results and how you might be able to improve upon them. The seeds will be mixed with a sodium alginate solution, which will thicken and become a gelatinous substance when exposed to a calcium chloride solution.

How exactly does this chemical reaction work? Sodium alginate consists of alginate, a negatively charged molecule made from seaweed, and positively charged sodium ions. In Figure 1, you can see that the sodium ions bind to the alginate. When sodium alginate is dissolved to form a sodium alginate solution, the sodium ions dissociate, or detach, from the alginate. When this sodium alginate solution is dropped into a calcium chloride solution, the calcium ions bind to the alginate, forming calcium alginate. The calcium can join two molecules or strands of alginate together in this way, which creates a thickened, gelatinous substance. This chemical reaction is used in real 3D bioprinting applications.

Chemical reaction of sodium alginate reaction with calcium to form calcium alginate.Image Credit: Svenja Lohner / Science Buddies

Chemical reaction of sodium alginate reaction with calcium to form calcium alginate.

Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the chemical reaction between sodium alginate and calcium chloride.

Equation 1 shows the chemical reaction for the specification process. Sodium alginate (NaC6H7O6) can react with calcium chloride (CaCl2) to make calcium alginate (C12H14CaO12), which is a gelatinous substance.

Equation 1: 

This chemical reaction is actually used in an area of food science called molecular gastronomy, which explores how ingredients in our food are physically and chemically changed when we prepare and cook them. Specifically, this chemical reaction is used in a food science technique called spherification, which uses chemistry to transform soft, liquidy foods like soup, purees, juice, yogurt, and pudding into spheres, such as popping boba balls.

The amount, or concentration, of sodium alginate in the solution can significantly change the gelatinous substance that is created when it comes into contact with the calcium chloride solution. In this project, you will investigate which sodium alginate concentration works best to 3D bioprint a gelatinous product that can enable plant seeds to germinate, or begin to grow.

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Experimental Procedure

Download PDF of Procedure
This project follows the Scientific Method. Review the steps before you begin.

Prepare the Sodium Alginate Solutions

  1. For the three cups that you will use for storing the sodium alginate solutions, label each cup with “0.25%,” “0.75%,” or “1.5%.” For labeling, you can use sticky notes or tape with a permanent marker. 
  2. In a blender, add 120 milliliters (mL) of distilled water.
    1. Note: Tap water may contain calcium ions that can affect the chemical reaction. This is why distilled water is recommended here.
  3. Weigh out 0.6 grams (g) of sodium alginate and add that to the water in the cup. This will create a 0.25% solution of sodium alginate (0.6 g in 240 mL of water total).
    1. To weigh out the sodium alginate and other chemicals, cut a small piece of wax paper (around 8 cm to 10 cm on each side), place the wax paper on the scale, zero out the scale (so that it reads “0 g”), and then weigh out the chemical on the wax paper, as shown in Figure 2. Use a clean spoon to scoop the chemicals out of their containers.
      1. Note: Use wax paper because chemicals tend to stick less to it than to regular paper.
Picture of a scale and spoon weighing out 0.7 g.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Picture of a scale and spoon weighing out 0.7 g.

Figure 2. Weigh out 0.6 g sodium alginate on a scale.

  1. Add four drops of food coloring to the blender.
  2. Add another 120 mL of distilled water to the blender. Adding the rest of the water now should help mix the sodium alginate and food coloring a little.
  3. You might want to ask an adult to help you use the blender to blend the water, sodium alginate, and food coloring so that the solution is fluid. When you are done blending, the solution should look homogeneous, or similar in color and texture throughout the liquid.
    1. Tip: It may be easiest to make the solution by blending the contents two or three times, for 5-10 seconds each time; if possible, shake the cup in between blending. Solutions with higher concentrations of sodium alginate may require more blending.
  4. Transfer the fully blended solution to a new, clean cup. Rinse, clean, and dry the blender so it is ready to use for the next solutions.
  5. Repeat steps 1 to 6 to create 0.75% and 1.5% sodium alginate solutions as follows:
    1. For the 0.75% sodium alginate solution, in step 2, use 1.8 g sodium alginate instead of 0.6 g.
    2. For the 1.5% sodium alginate solution, in step 2, use 3.6 g sodium alginate instead of 0.6 g.
  6. Once all three of your sodium alginate solutions have been prepared, cover them with plastic wrap, as shown in Figure 3, or store them in a container with a lid to prevent evaporation, and place them in a refrigerator (4° Celsius [C]). Let them sit in the refrigerator overnight (and then you can use them the next day). This will help eliminate air bubbles from the solutions; eliminating bubbles will help them react best with the calcium chloride.
Picture of three glasses with red liquids labeled 0.25%, 0.75%, and 1.5%Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Picture of three glasses with red liquids labeled 0.25%, 0.75%, and 1.5%

Figure 3. Label and cover the three cups you prepare with the sodium alginate solutions.

3D Bioprint with Seeds

  1. The next day, make the calcium chloride solution.
    1. Add 240 mL of distilled water to a clean cup or bowl. You can use the blender for this, but this solution will be easier to mix and dissolve.
    2. Weigh out 0.7 g of calcium chloride (using a new small piece of wax paper on the scale) and add the calcium chloride to the water in the cup. This will create a 0.3% solution of calcium chloride. Use a clean spoon to scoop the chemicals out of the container and then use the spoon to gently mix the solution until the calcium chloride is completely dissolved.
    3. Set the calcium chloride solution aside for now.
  2. Take the sodium alginate solutions out of the refrigerator and place them somewhere nearby. They do not need to reach room temperature for the next steps.
  3. Optional but recommended: You can practice using the syringe (that came with the spherification kit) with the sodium alginate and calcium chloride solutions before attempting to create your 3D bioprinted structures with the seeds. You can practice as follows:
    1. In a small bowl or cup, pour in a small amount (about 1 centimeter [cm], or 0.4 inches [in], deep) of the calcium chloride solution.
    2. Use the syringe (that came with the spherification kit) and suck up a small amount (about 10 to 20 mL) of the 1.5% sodium alginate solution.
    3. Slowly release the sodium alginate (from the syringe) into the bowl with the calcium chloride solution, placing the syringe’s nozzle so that it touches the surface of the calcium chloride solution in the bowl. What does the reaction that takes place look like?
    4. When you are done practicing, clean the syringe by sucking up and down in the cup with distilled water a few times until the syringe appears clean. Try to eliminate as much residual water as possible by pushing remaining droplets out of the syringe tube and wiping off any droplets on the outside with a cloth or paper towel.
  4. Prepare three cups for where the 3D bioprinting will take place:
    1. Take the three cookie cutters and place each in an empty cup or mug with a flat bottom, as shown in Figure 4.
    2. Pour a small amount of the calcium chloride solution into each cup with the cookie cutter, until the solution is about 1 cm (or 0.4 in) deep in the cup, as shown in Figure 5.
    3. Label each cup with “0.25%,” “0.75%,” and “1.5%.” For labeling, you can use sticky notes or tape with a permanent marker. These percentages refer to the sodium alginate solutions you will use.
Picture of cookie cutters in three cups, looking from the top.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Picture of cookie cutters in three cups, looking from the top.

Figure 4. Place a cookie cutter in each cup. The cookie cutter should sit completely flat against the bottom of the cup.
Picture of cup with cookie cutter with a little clear liquid in the bottom.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Picture of cup with cookie cutter with a little clear liquid in the bottom.

Figure 5. Slowly fill each cup with about 1 cm of calcium chloride solution. Note: It may be difficult to see in this image because the solution is clear, but the space outside the cookie cutter (within the cup) should also be filled with calcium chloride solution since the cookie cutter will not create a perfect seal with the bottom of the cup. 
  1. Prepare the cups with the seeds and sodium alginate solutions:
    1. Count out 100 seeds and place them into a small cup, as shown in Figure 6. Repeat this with two more small cups until you have three cups prepared with 100 seeds in each.
    2. Label each cup with “0.25%,” “0.75%,” and “1.5%.”
    3. Prepare a cup filled with distilled water. You will use this to clean the syringe in between syringing different solutions.
    4. Use the syringe and suck up 40 mL of the 0.25% sodium alginate solution, as shown in Figure 7.
      1. Note: If you are using larger cookie cutters than the recommended sizes for this science project, you will want to prepare more than 40 mL of solution with seeds to completely fill the cookie cutter mold. 
      2. Store any extra, unused sodium alginate solutions in the refrigerator, with the cups covered with plastic wrap or a lid to prevent evaporation.
    5. Slowly release the solution into the cup with the seeds labeled 0.25%. Use the tip of the syringe to slowly mix the solution with the seeds so the cup looks similar to Figure 8.
    6. Clean the syringe by sucking up and down in the cup with distilled water a few times until the syringe appears clean. Try to eliminate as much residual water as possible by pushing remaining droplets out of the syringe tube and wiping off any droplets on the outside with a cloth or paper towel.
    7. Repeat steps d to f using the 0.75% and 1.5% sodium alginate solutions, slowly releasing them into their respective cups. When you are done, you should have prepared the three cups with the three different sodium alginate solutions and seeds.
Cup with 100 radish seeds in it.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Cup with 100 radish seeds in it.

Figure 6. Count out 100 seeds and place them into each three small cups.

Syringe measuring 40 mL of red liquid.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Syringe measuring 40 mL of red liquid.

Figure 7. Measure out 40 mL of the sodium alginate solution in the syringe. Be sure no air is trapped in the syringe, as this will result in a measurement below 40 mL.

Cup with red colored sodium alginate solution mixed with seeds.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Cup with red colored sodium alginate solution mixed with seeds.

Figure 8. Add the correct sodium alginate solution to the correct cup with seeds and mix the solution slowly with the seeds.

  1. Add the sodium alginate solutions with seeds to the cups prepared for the 3D bioprinting to create your first bioprinted layer:
    1. Use the syringe and suck up 10 to 20 mL of the 0.25% sodium alginate solution with the seeds. Suck up and down slowly a few times to mix the solution with the seeds, as the seeds may have settled to the bottom of the cup.
    2. Slowly release the solution into the cup with the cookie cutter labeled “0.25%,” placing the syringe’s nozzle so that it touches the surface of the calcium chloride. Watch carefully to see how the sodium alginate solution with the seeds reacts with the calcium chloride in the cup. Move the syringe nozzle slowly around within the cookie-cutter mold so you create a single layer, including filling in around the edges of the mold.
      1. If needed, suck up and add more of the 0.25% sodium alginate solution with the seeds. Stop when it looks like a complete single layer in the mold, where the layer is about as deep as the width of the nozzle, as shown in Figure 9.
      2. Once done with this step, start a timer for 15 minutes. You will want each layer to sit undisturbed for 15 minutes before adding another layer on top.
    3. Repeat this process with the 0.75% sodium alginate solution with seeds and then the 1.5% sodium alginate solution with seeds, using the other cups you prepared and labeled in steps 4a to 4c, above. Each of the three 3D bioprinting cups should then have one layer within the mold.
Cup with red colored sodium alginate solution mixed with seeds filling cookie cutter one layer deep.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Cup with red colored sodium alginate solution mixed with seeds filling cookie cutter one layer deep.

Figure 9. Slowly add (using the syringe) the sodium alginate and seed solution into the cookie-cutter mold to form a single layer.

  1. After the first layer has sat for 15 minutes, pour an additional small amount of the calcium chloride solution into each until the solution is about 1 cm (or 0.4 in) deep above the previously bioprinted layer. This new calcium chloride solution will react with the next layer you add, so the solution should be about as deep as you expect the layer to be.
  2. Repeat steps 6 to 7 to add additional layers. Repeat these steps until the cookie cutter is filled to the top with layers. You may be able to fit about 3 to 4 layers in each cookie cutter.
    1. After you are finished filling the cookie-cutter mold, if needed, slowly add extra calcium chloride solution so that the level of the calcium chloride in the cup just reaches the top of the cookie cutter. This will help ensure that the top of your gel can properly solidify.
    2. Note: If some of the sodium alginate and seed solution overflows the top of the cookie cutter, do not worry. After the gel has solidified, you can carefully remove any excess gel that spilled outside of the mold.
    3. Tip: If you are getting low on the calcium chloride solution, you can prepare more by repeating step 1.
  3. Let the cups sit undisturbed for at least six hours. If needed, you can let them sit overnight. This time is needed to allow the chemical reaction to fully take place and help solidify the gels. Do not move the cups or touch the cookie cutters or gels during this time; it may disrupt the formation of the gels.
  4. As a positive control to make sure the seeds germinate well under more normal conditions, count out 20 seeds and place them spaced apart on a paper towel. Carefully fold the paper towel (keeping the seeds inside) so that it will easily fit inside a sealed plastic bag, and then place the paper towel (with the seeds) inside the bag. Dampen the paper towel with some tap water, pour out any excess water, and then seal the plastic bag. Place this bag in a warm, sunny location, where you plan on growing the 3D bioprinted materials.

Growing Your 3D Bioprinted Materials and Making Observations

  1. In your lab notebook, make a data table like Table 1. Add an additional column for each day of observations.
Swipe left to see more
Table 1. In your lab notebook, make a data table like this one in which to record your observations and results over time. Add an additional column for each day of observations.
Sodium Alginate Solution

Day 1:

  • When changing the water in step 2, how firm or soft is the gel?
  • How does the shape and size of the gels compare to their cookie-cutter mold? Is there shrinkage?

Day 2:

  • Do you see seeds sprouting? If so, how many?
  • Do the gels look different?

Day 3, etc.:

  • Do you see seeds sprouting? If so, how many?
  • Do the gels look different?
0.25%
0.75%
1.5%
  1. After the cups have sat undisturbed for at least six hours (or overnight), carefully change out the solution in each cup and make initial observations.
    1. To change out the solution, place your hand on top of the cookie-cutter mold (to prevent the gel from falling out) and slowly pour the liquid out (into a bowl or sink). Then slowly add fresh tap water. Repeat this once or twice to rinse the gels. When you are done, add fresh water into each cup so that each gel is just barely submerged.
      1. It is important to change the water to remove excess calcium chloride solution.
      2. Remove the cookie cutters when you are done.
      3. Make observations about the gels and record these in the data table in your notebook.
    2. If a gel seems stable enough to handle, gently dry it with a cloth or paper towel and set it on a blank, white piece of paper. Place its cookie cutter next to it. Does the gel look like it is the same shape and size as the cookie-cutter mold? Why or why not? Did any of the gels seem to shrink? Record your observations in the data table in your notebook.
    3. After you have finished your observations, carefully add enough fresh water so that the gels are at least half submerged in their cups, preventing them from drying out. 
  2. After washing and observing the gels, place them where you want to grow the seeds. This should be in a warm, sunny location. You may use a plant grow light setup and plant heat pad to improve germination.
    1. If the seeds have settled to the bottom of the gel, carefully flip the gel over so that the side with the most seeds is facing up, towards the light, as shown in Figure 10.
Picture of gel with seedsImage Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Picture of gel with seeds

Figure 10. This gel had seeds settle to the bottom and has been flipped so that the seeds are now facing the top.
  1. Continue observing the gels every day and record your observations in your lab notebook. Add tap water as needed to prevent the gels from drying out; make sure the gels are at least half submerged in water.
    1. Check the water level for each sample at least once a day to ensure they do not dry out. If you use a heat pad, check the water levels at least twice a day. Completely change the water every 1-2 days to prevent the seeds from rotting.
    2. Do any of the gels have seeds that look like they are sprouting? If so, record how many seeds in each gel look like they are sprouting. Figure 11 shows examples of some sprouting seeds.
    3. Do the gels look like they are changing over time?
    4. Also observe your positive control seeds. You can hold the bag up to a bright light to see how many seeds have sprouted in the paper towel over time. Record your observations in your lab notebook.
    5. Continue growing the 3D bioprinted materials for at least two weeks. If you use seeds other than radish seeds, they may take longer to germinate.
Picture of sprouting seeds in gel.Image Credit: Teisha Rowland / Science Buddies

Picture of sprouting seeds in gel.

Figure 11. This gel has several seeds that are just beginning to sprout. The sprouting seeds have a white triangular tip, which is the beginning of the plant's root. Leaves sprout after the root sprouts.
  1. If you are doing this experiment as a science fair project, repeat the procedure two more times. Scientists always repeat their experiments to make sure their findings are true and repeatable.
    1. If you want to finish the repeat procedures quickly, instead of waiting two weeks to set up your next set of 3D bioprinted materials, you could set up your second and third materials after the cookie cutters become available, although this will require you to have additional cups for the cookie cutters and you will need to keep track of more materials simultaneously. You can decide on your approach based on the time you have available.
  2. What do your results tell you about which conditions lead to the best 3D bioprinting results?
    1. Which sodium alginate solutions resulted in the firmest gels?
    2. Which gels resulted in the earliest sprouting seeds?
    3. Which gels resulted in the greatest number of sprouted seeds by the end of your experiment?
    4. How do the results from the gels compare to the positive control results?
    5. Can you think of ways to improve upon the 3D bioprinted materials you created? How might you do this? Check out the Variations section, below, for additional ideas.

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Global Goals

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) are a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.

This project explores topics key to Good Health and Well-Being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Variations

  • The concentration of the sodium alginate used in this experiment can affect the resultant gels, but what other factors can affect how the gel turns out? You could try this experiment again but pick a different variable to test (changing only one variable at a time), such as the concentration of calcium chloride solution used or the amount of time the gels are submerged in the calcium chloride. You could even try using much higher or lower concentrations of sodium alginate to create the gels. How does changing one of these chemical components affect the resultant gel?
  • In this science experiment, you used plant seeds as the cells in the 3D bioprinted materials instead of animal or human cells. Explore options you may have for working with a local biology or medical laboratory to determine whether you may be able to do a similar type of 3D bioprinting science project using animal cells.
  • Here, you used cookie cutters to create a basic mold for your 3D bioprinted gels. Can you create a 3D bioprinted gel that is a more complicated 3D structure? For example, could you create a structure that is not a solid chunk but that includes an arch and/or include a supportive strut that is broken down, or biodegraded, over time? You may have noticed in this experiment that the calcium alginate slowly degrades over time in the water. Some other types of gels are more degradable, while others are less degradable. This MilliporeSigma webpage on 3D bioprinting "bioinks" includes a table listing different bioprinting materials and their degradability.
  • It was recommended to use cookie cutters about 2 to 3 inches in width or diameter, and all of the same shape, for this science experiment. You could try repeating this experiment but use different-shaped or larger cookie cutters. Do some shapes work better than others? What conditions lead to the best gels when using larger molds?
  • Here, you used sodium alginate and calcium chloride to form the 3D bioprinted gels. Many other materials are being explored for bioprinting, some of which can be easily purchased. For example, 3D bioprinting is also being performed using gelatin, agarose (similar to agar agar), and collagens, to name a few. Come up with a way to test gels made from different materials. How do they compare? Are some better or worse at supporting cell growth? For more materials examples, see MilliporeSigma’s website on 3D bioprinting "bioinks".
  • In this science experiment, you likely used radish seeds. You could repeat this experiment using other types of seeds, such as chia seeds. If you use the syringe that came in the kit, be sure that the seeds are small enough that they will not become stuck in the syringe’s nozzle. You may also want to adjust the quantity of seeds used per gel.

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General citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.

MLA Style

Rowland, Teisha. "Bioprinting: 3D Print with Living Cells! No 3D Printer Required.." Science Buddies, 16 Feb. 2026, https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/3D-Printing_p008/3D-printing/3D-bioprinting-tissues. Accessed 17 June 2026.

APA Style

Rowland, T. (2026, February 16). Bioprinting: 3D Print with Living Cells! No 3D Printer Required.. Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/3D-Printing_p008/3D-printing/3D-bioprinting-tissues


Last edit date: 2026-02-16

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