Winglets in Wind Tunnels

Abstract

Objective

The goal of this project is to measure the changes in airfoil performance when winglets are added to the airfoil.

Share your story with Science Buddies!

Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.

Credits

Cite This Page

MLA Style

APA Style

Introduction

The Boeing jet in the picture at right has winglets at the tips of its wings. Why are they there? What do they do?

As an airplane moves through the air, the wings generate lift by creating an area of low pressure above the upper surface of the wing. The higher air pressure beneath the lower surface of the wing lifts the plane. At the tip of the wing, the high and low pressure air meet.

The air forms miniature tornadoes, called wing tip vortices that spread out behind the plane. Wing tip vortices cause two problems: the turbulent airflow they create can be strong enough to flip an airplane that encounters it and they also increase the drag forces on the airplane that generates them, decreasing fuel efficiency.

Figure 1. The diagram shows the expanding wing tip vortices generated by a passenger jet. (NASAexplores.com, date unknown)

The air forms miniature tornadoes, called wing tip vortices that spread out behind the plane (see Figure 1, right). Wing tip vortices cause two problems:

1. the turbulent airflow they create can be strong enough to flip an airplane that encounters it;
2. they also increase the drag forces on the airplane that generates them, decreasing fuel efficiency.

The airflow around winglets is complex. Your wind tunnel should include smoke or fog in the airflow so that you can visualize streamlines along the length of the airfoil. Figure 2, illustrates some design considerations you may wish to consider for the winglets (Hepperle, 2006). A gradual curve transistioning from airfoil to winglet may help to reduce turbulent flow at the corner region. Translating the winglet toward the trailing edge of the airflow can also promote laminar flow at the trailing edge of the wingtip.

Winglet designs including: no winglet, rounded corner, sharp corner, and winglet translated toward trailing edge.

Figure 2. Three different winglet designs. From left to right: no winglet, rounded corner, sharp corner, winglet translated toward trailing edge. (Hepperle, 2006)

In this project, you will test airfoils built both with and without winglets in a wind tunnel. Do you see evidence for wing tip vortices when testing airfoils without winglets? Does the addition of winglets alleviate wing tip vortices? Do the winglets increase lift? For winglet-related project ideas that do not require a wind tunnel, see the Variations section.

Terms and Concepts

To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:

• airfoil,
• chord line,
• mean camber line,
• camber,
• aspect ratio,
• angle of attack,
• winglets,
• drag,
• lift,
• wing tip vortices.

Questions

• What are the forces acting on an airfoil in a wind tunnel?
• How will the addition of winglets affect these forces?
• How will the addition of winglets affect flight performance?

News Feed on This Topic

 

, ,

Note: A computerized matching algorithm suggests the above articles. It's not as smart as you are, and it may occasionally give humorous, ridiculous, or even annoying results! Learn more about the News Feed

Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:

• materials for building model airfoils, e.g.:
  • balsa wood for framework,
  • tissue paper covering,
  • modeling knife,
  • glue,
  • airplane dope.
  • (Alternatively, airfoil sections can be shaped from solid pieces of balsa or other wood.)
• wind tunnel for testing airfoils

Experimental Procedure

1. Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions above.
2. Construct two or more airfoils, identical in shape except for the presence/absence of winglets. See Figure 2 in the Introduction for ideas on different winglet designs you might wish to consider.
3. Test your airfoils in a wind tunnel. The measurements that you are able to make will depend on the instrumentation available. Desirable measurements are:
   1. lift,
   2. drag,
   3. visualization of streamlines at the wing tip (using smoke or fog).

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:

Aerospace Engineer

Humans have always longed to fly and to make other things fly, both through the air and into outer space—aerospace engineers are the people that make those dreams come true. They design, build, and test vehicles like airplanes, helicopters, balloons, rockets, missiles, satellites, and spacecraft. Read more

Aerospace Engineering & Operations Technician

Aerospace engineering and operations technicians are essential to the development of new aircraft and space vehicles. They build, test, and maintain parts for air and spacecraft, and assemble, test, and maintain the vehicles as well. They are key members of a flight readiness team, preparing space vehicles for launch in clean rooms, and on the launch pad. They also help troubleshoot launch or flight failures by testing suspect parts. Read more

Pilot

Pilots fly airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft to accomplish a variety of tasks. While the primary job of most pilots is to fly people and cargo from place to place, 20 percent of all pilots have more specialized jobs, like dropping fire retardant, seeds, or pesticides from the air, or helping law enforcement rescue and transport accident victims, and capture criminals. Pilots enjoy working and helping people in the "third dimension." Read more

Aviation Inspector

Aviation inspectors are critical to ensuring that aircraft are safe to fly. They conduct pre-flight inspections to make sure an aircraft is safe. They also inspect the work of aircraft mechanics, and keep detailed records of work done to maintain or repair an aircraft. As problems are identified, they may make changes to maintenance schedules, and may be called upon to investigate air accidents. Read more

Variations

• For a much more basic project on winglets using paper airplanes, see the Science Buddies project Why Winglets?.
• The simple folded airplanes used in the project just mentioned normally lack vertical stabilizers. Vertical stabilizers counteract imbalances in lift between the two wings, and thus resist forces that would tend to make the plane roll. In this simple type of paper airplane, winglets can function as vertical stabilizers. Another type of paper airplane (made with laminated construction methods) generally does include a vertical stabilizer as part of the design. For more details, see the Science Buddies project What Makes a Good Aerodynamic Design? Test Your Ideas with High-Performance Paper Gliders. Do winglets improve the flight characteristics of high-performance paper gliders?

Share your story with Science Buddies!

Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.

View feedback on this project from other users

Hide feedback on this project from other users

---

Recent Feedback Submissions

Sort by Date

Sort by User Name

---

Jake_5080 said:
2017-09-24 13:52:20

What was the most important thing you learned?
that everything you do has to be the same every time.

What problems did you encounter?
wiring takes the most time if you create your own wind tunnel like i did.

Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
no

Science Buddies materials are free for everyone to use, thanks to the support of our sponsors. What would you tell our sponsors about how Science Buddies helped you with your project?

Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
Excellent

What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Very high

Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
Much more

Do you agree?

0

0

Report Inappropriate Comment

Ask an Expert

Related Links

• Science Fair Project Guide
• Other Ideas Like This
• Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Project Ideas
• My Favorites

News Feed on This Topic

 

, ,

Note: A computerized matching algorithm suggests the above articles. It's not as smart as you are, and it may occasionally give humorous, ridiculous, or even annoying results! Learn more about the News Feed

Looking for more science fun?

Try one of our science activities for quick, anytime science explorations. The perfect thing to liven up a rainy day, school vacation, or moment of boredom.